678 
ZOOLOGICAL LITEHATUllE. 
Suborder 1. Halichondrina, Lieberkuhn. Sarcode abundant, usually con- 
sistent j the horny matter is granular or membranous, but is never in the 
form of a network of solid homy fibres. The skeleton consists mainly of 
siliceous spicules, which are usually essentially of the same form in all parts 
of the sponge. In one family, the Esperiadccy the sarcode is soft, and the 
spicules are of two distinct types. Examples : Ilalichondria, SpongilUif 
Esperia. 
Suborder 2. Gummininay O. Sdt. Sponge-substance compact \ skeleton 
of fine densely interwoven horny fibres. Siliceous spicules in some of the 
genera. Examples; Gummina^ Corticium. 
Suborder 3. Spongina, Lieberkuhn. Skeleton an elastic, wide-meshed 
network of anastomosing horny fibres, frequently containing foreign bodies, 
such as grains of sand and spicules of other sponges, and occasionally having 
siliceous spicules developed within them, but never associated with free sili- 
ceous spicules in the sponge-mass. Examples : Spongia, Chalina^ Dysidca. 
Order 4. Aiienosa (=Arenospongia, Gray). Sponge consisting of a disk 
of agglutinated sand, with a series of diverging spicules on the circumferenee 
of the disk, and with a pencil of similar spicules at the mouth of the oscules 
on the upper surface of the disk. Example Xenospongia. 
Order 6 . Halisarcina. Sponge destitute of either siliceous or horny 
support. Example Halisarca. 
lloUenia carpentei'i, gen. et sp. nov., W. Thomson, Proc. R. S. p. 285, and 
Phil. Trans, p. 702. Sponge-body nearly globular or oval j outer wall con- 
sists of an open, somewhat irregular network of large separate siliceous spi- 
cules j these are formed on the sexradiate stellate type ; usually only five rays 
are developed, the sixth being represented by a tubercle. The four secondary 
branches of the spicule spread on one plane, the surface of the sponge j the 
fifth dips down into the sponge-substance j smaller stars, formed by the 
radiation of smaller spicules of the same class, occupy the spaces between the 
rays of the larger stars. The sarcode forms a very delicate network, with 
minute inhalant pores, over the entire massj at the top of the sponge 
is a large osculum j around this, and over the upper third of the sponge, 
sheaves of rigid spicules project, forming a kind of fringe j over the lower 
third of the body fascicles of enormously long delicate siliceous spicules 
pass out from the sarcode-columns of the sponge-mass. The sarcode of 
the outer wall and of the wall of the oscular cavity is loaded with 
minute quinqueradiate spicules and amphidisci, Hah. Lat. 59° 36' N. and 
long. 70° 20' W. 
Phei'onemay gen. nov., Leidy, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philadelphia j Biolog. & 
Microscop, Depart. 18Cj8 (December), pp. 9-11, and IMonthly Micr. Jour. 
1869, p. 367, Sponge-body oblong ovoidal, narrower end upward j lower ex- 
tremity rather cylindroid and rounded truncate ; upper extremity conical ; 
apex truncate, with large circular orifice, four lines in diameter, which de- 
scends into the axis of the sponge for almost half its depth, and then appears 
to divide into several branches. The surface of the sponge exhibits an intri- 
cate interlacement of stellate siliceous spicules, including a tissue of finer 
spicules ; at the lower end of the sponge fine sand appears to be introduced 
as an element of structure j from this end project a number of distinct or 
separate tufts of siliceous spicules. In the specimen examined there are fifteen 
tufts projecting around two thirds of the extremity of the sponge j in the 
