14 Moll, 
MOLLUSCA. 
Westphalia, and thinks with Hartmann (Gastropoden d. Schweiz, 1840-44, 
p. xvii.) that they are caused by moisture, cold, and want of sunshine. 
The albino offspring of an albino parent recorded by Colbeau, Bull. Soc. 
mal. Belg. vii. p. Ixxxix., Nachr. mal. Ges. 1878, pp. 70 & 71. 
Sinistral specimen of Valvata piscinalis (Miill.), Jeffreys, Ann. N. H. 
(5) ii. p. 382 ; of Cionella lulrica and Pupa muacorum^ Oberdorfee, 
Nachr. mal. Ges. 1878, p. 68; of Helix (Patula) humilis (Hutton), 
Nevill, Handl. Ind. Mus. p. 66. 
Scalarid abnormity of Succinea pfeifferi (Rossm.) observed in Styria ; 
Tschapeck, Nachr. mal. Ges. 1878, p. 137, woodcut. 
Some observations opposed to those of Ihering, on the connection be- 
tween the spiral direction of the shell, left or right, and the situation of 
the inner organs ; G. Pfeffer, JB. mal. Ges, v. pp. 260 & 261. Note 
on normal or exceptional left or right direction of the whorls in spiral 
shells ; E. v. Martens, SB. nat. Fr. 1878, p. 81. 
Deformity of Helix hortensis (Miill.) with channelled suture, caused by 
a small pebble pinched in the shell ; P. Hesse, Verh. Ver. Rheinl. xxxv. 
p. 88. 
Abnormity of Cylindrella raveni (Bland), provided with two apertures 
placed almost back to back, observed and rightly explained from acci- 
dental fracture by J. S. Gibbons, Q. J. Conch. 1878, No. 15, p. 340. 
[Similar specimens of Clausilia described, and even produced artificially, 
by W. Hartmann, Gastropoden d. Schweiz, 1844, p. 173, pi. lx.] 
Monstrous growth of Cyprcea peaaei (Sow.), Edgar A. Smith, P. Z. S. 
1878, p. 731, pi. xlvi. figs. 13 & 14. 
Specimen of Pupa muscorum (L.), with rudimentary male, but well- 
developed female organs ; F. Wiegmann, JB. mal. Ges. v. p. 159. 
GEOaRAPHIOAL DISTRIBUTION. 
a . Land and Freshwater Mollusca. 
O. P. Gloyne continues his paper on the geographical distribution of 
terrestrial Mollusca, going through the different geographical provinces 
and sub-regions, and noting the genera and number of species found 
hitherto in them. Q. J. Conch. 1878, No. 14, pp. 289-320. 
1. Northern and Central Europe, 
The second fascicle of Westerlund*s Fauna Europ. Moll, extramer. 
contains the genera Cionella, Stenogyra, Pupa, Balea, and the greater 
part of Clausilia. 
S. Clessin enumerates 30 [so-called] species and 20 varieties of land- 
and freshwater-shells, which according to him live in Sweden, and not in 
more southern regions, and he adds to them seven new varieties, collected 
by C. Anderson in the province Dalarne [most of them appear to be 
very local variations of widely distributed species]. Mal. Bl. xxv. 
pp. 67-79. 
Norway. A list of 71 terrestrial and 40 freshwater species, of which 
