HISTORICAL CHANGES, USE BY MAN. 
Moll. 29 
but perhaps independently of human agency ; Vitrina annularis, Helix 
personata, arhustorurn, depilata, rufescens, have probably immigrated from 
the Alps ; Dreissena polymorplia is of recent arrival. Locard, Ann. Soc. 
Agric. Lyon, 1878, 28 pp. ; abstract in J. de Conch, xxvi. pp. 377 & 378. 
In South Western France some terrestrial species, such as Helix pamatia, 
strigella, incarnata, and Zonites olivetorum, are disappearing on account of 
the destruction of the woods ; and some Algerian species, such as Helix 
lactea, terveri, and cespitum, and Leucochroa candidissima, have been 
acclimatized by G. Debeaux during the last 15 yearg. CR. des travaux 
du congres des Orientalistes de Marseille, 1877 ; abstract in J. de Conch, 
xxvi. p. 305. 
The semi-fossil land-shells of Madeira and Portosanto, the Canaries, 
Cape Yerdes, and St. Helena are also included in Wollaston’s ‘^Testacea 
atlantica.’’ There are only three beds well-known and rigidly circum- 
scribed, and may therefore be safely reasoned upon in “ discussing the 
geological structure,’’ viz., Canical in Madeira, Portosanto, and the 
extreme summit of the Southern Deserta ; these gave 12 quite extinct 
species, all nearly allied to living Madeiran species, and the well-known 
European Helix lapicida never found living on any of the Atlantic 
islands. The Canaries and Cape Yerdes also have some species, hitherto 
only known as extinct. In St. Helena nearly half (13) of the known 
Species, and the more peculiar of them, are extinct. 
Mauritius. The indigenous terrestrial species are rapidly diminishing, 
while the introduced or those of wider geographical distribution become 
more numerous ; Achatina panther a (F4r.) for example, introduced about 
twenty years ago, now replaces A.fulica (Fer.) nearly every where. Two 
new extinct species. Pupa maguscula, 41 mill., and Helicina undulata ; 
Dupont, J. de Conch, xxvi. p. 171. 
North America. Zonites \^Hyalind] cellaria, Limax maxinius, flams, 
agrestis, Ccecilianella acicula, Stenogyra decollata, Helix {Fruticicola^ 
hispida and rufescens, {Turricula') terrestris, (fFachea) hortensis, and 
{Pomatia') aspersa, introduced from Europe in various spots of North 
America ; Binney, Terr, airbr. Moll, of U. S. pp. 112, 143, 145, 147, 190, 
192, 345, 346, 349, 378, & 381. 
Use by Man. 
A few notes on the Mollusca sold at the “ halles ” of Paris for food ; 
E. Friedel, Zool. Gart. xix. p. 307. 
A shell-mound in Japan, at Omori, near Tokio (Yeddo) observed by 
E. Morse, Am. J. Sc. (3) xv. p. 157. 
List of those mollusks in the United States which are useful as food, 
bait, nacre, &c., or injurious as predatory on useful mollusks, or boring 
in wood or stone, in G. Brown-Goode’s classification of the collection 
to illustrate the Animal resources of the United States ; Washington : 
1876, p. 19 (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 6, and Sm. misc. coll. xiii.). 
Pieces of Oliva hiplicata, Busycon, and Murex found as ornaments em- 
ployed by the ancient tribes of Utah and Arizona ; E. A. Barber, Bull. 
U. S. Geol. Surv. ii. p. 67. 
