30 Moll. 
MOLLUSCA. 
Helix juno a.nd Cyclotus quitensis used as ornaments on cloths by the 
natives at the River Napo, South America ; Crosse, J. de Conch, xxvi. 
p. 296. 
Shells of Spondylus pictorum (Gmel.) found in Peruvian graves at 
Ancon by Dr. Velten ; they only live farther north on the coast of 
Panama. Verb. Ver. Rheinl. xxxiv. [1877] p. 158. 
OlassificatioTij Nomenclature j ^c. 
A 3rd edition of Woodward’s well-known Manual of the Mollusca *’ 
has been issued with appendix, by R. Tate, in 1878. 
The papers, in which the general type or class Molluscous animals, and 
its subdivisions into Cephalopods, Gastropods, &c., were originally esta- 
blished by Cuvier in 1793, are reprinted with introductory remarks by 
H. V. Ihering, Mai. Bl. xxv. pp. 37-67. 
The original specimens described by I. v. Born in his “ Testacea Musei 
Caesarei Vindobonensis,” 1780, have been found in the Museum of 
Vienna and determined by F. Brauer, SB. Ak. Wien, Ixxvii. Abth. i. 
pp. 117-192 [sep. copy, pp. 76]. Some cases, in which the received 
synonymy must in consequence be changed, will be mentioned infra. 
. W. Kobelt has published a rather incomplete collection of the diag- 
noses of new genera and species published in 1877, excluding the land- 
shells and all Mollusca without shell ; Synopsis, &c., supra, p. 4. 
The natural type of a genus or species represented by a form interme- 
diate between extreme forms or by a geographically widely spread one> 
is to be distinguished from the historical- or name type ; in Albers's 
“ Heliceen,” second edition, the natural, not the historical, or rather 
bibliographical types of the. several subgenera are indicated. Martens, 
Nachr. mal. Ges. 1878, p. 38. 
Collecting and Preserving. 
Notes and hints on collecting land and freshwater Mollusca by 
D. Dupuy, Bull. Soc. Toulouse, 1878. [Not seen by the Recorder]. 
A method of preserving anatomical preparations of land-shells, coloured 
with carmine, varnished with dammar-resin in a dry state on glass 
slides, by M. Braun, Nachr. mal. Ges. 1878, pp. 49-62, and Zool. Anz. i. 
pp. 66 & 67. 
CEPHALOPODA. 
A general account by K. Henrich, Verb, siebenb. Ver. xxviii. 
pp. 28-43. 
Octopus. For Fredericq’s paper on its general physiology, see supra, 
p. 8 . 
The changes of colour in the Cephalopods have been studied by 
R. Klemensiewicz, who comes to the result that the expansion of the 
chromatophores is effected actively by radial fibres, and that ih this 
state the colour of the pigment is pale pink or yellowish, while the cou- 
