ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, EMBRYOLOGY. Grust. 8 
J. Chatin continues his researches on the optic elements in the Crus- 
tacea [Zool. Rec. xiv. Crust, p. 6], describing the structure of the eyes of 
the following genera : — 
Decapods : Astacus, Homarus^ Galatea, Pagurus, Eupagurus, Pagu- 
ristes, Eurynome, Typton. 
Stomapods : Squilla. 
Amphipods : Lysianassa, Iscea, Epimeria. 
Loemodipods : Caprella. 
Branchiopods : Ajnis. 
Ostracoda : Cypridina. 
Copepods : Notopterophorus, Lichomolgus. 
He insists upon the observation that in most of these Decapods the 
optic rod (bdtonnet) is composed of many disks placed one above the 
other ; that this structure is simplified in Cypridina, Typton, Lysianassa, 
and Caprella, and most simple in Epimera and Lichomolgus. Ann. Sci. 
Nat. (6) vii. No. 1, pp. 1-22 & 31 & 32, pis. i.-iii. ' 
■ O. Schmidt describes the minute structure of the nervous parts in the 
eyes of Phronima, Palcemon, Astacus, and Homarus', he states that the 
so-called crystalline cones, or more rightly pyramids, are of very unequal 
and irregular form, and judges that Phronima at least cannot see any 
distinct image, but only distinguish different degrees of light and colour. 
Z. wiss. Zool. XXX. suppl. pp. 1-12, pi. i. 
Genital Organs. 
C. Grobben publishes various observations on the position and struc- 
ture of the male genital organs, spermatophores, and sperraatozoids of 
the Decapods, comparing them with those of Squilla and the Cumacea. 
Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien, i. pp. 57-150, 6 pis. 
Rudiment of female orifice in the third pair of feelers in the males of 
Pagurus deformis (M. Edw.), observed by F. Hilgendorf, Tagbl. 
Versamml. deutsch. Naturf. (Oassel) 1878, p. 186 ; MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, 
p. 818, pi. hi. figs. 6 & 7 ; and SB. nat. Fr. 1878, p. 186. [This has been 
observed in Astacus pleheius (Hesse) by the Recorder; SB. nat. Fr. 1870, 
Description of the spermatophores of the Calanidm, their formation 
and translocation, by A. Gruber, Siisswass. Calanid. pp. 16-33, pi. ii. 
A supplementary note on the material for the egg-bags being formed in 
the oviduct of the female in these Copepods ; id. Zool. Anz. i. p. 247. 
Embryology. 
C. S. Bate recapitulates the history and present state of our know- 
ledge concerning the first stages of th.Q- Crustacea, beginning with the 
description of Zoea, and Fritz Muller’s paper on the Peneus ; he intro- 
duces the term Brephalus for the larval stage, in which the Crustacean is 
hatched from the egg, reserving the names Zoea, Nauplius, etc., for dis- 
tinct structural stages in the development, e.g., Zoea for the stage in 
which both pairs of antennae but no thoracic or abdominal feet are 
