2 Ins. 
INSECTA. 
Bkandt, Eduakd. Ueber das Nervensystem der Laufkafer (Carabida). 
Hor. Ent. Ross, xiv., Ausziige aus den Sitzuugsberichten, pp. iv. & v. 
. Untersuchungeu iiber das Nervensystem der Dipteren. L. c. 
pp. vii. & viii. 
. Ueber das Nervensystem der Wespen (Fes^a). L. c. pp. ix.-xi. 
. Ueber das Nervensystem der Facherfliigler (Strepsiptera). L. c. 
pp. xiii. & xiv. 
. Ueber das Nervensystem der Blatthorner (Lamellicornia). L. c. 
pp. xv.-xvii. 
— — . Vergleichend-anatomische Untersucbungen iiber das Nerven- 
system der Hemipteren. Hor. Ent. Ross. xiv. pp. 496-605, pi. iv. 
The sketch of the nerve-system in the Carabidce is based upon 29 
species of 11 genera, and also various larvae. Five types are recognized : 
(1) CarabuSj with seven, (2) Cicindela, with six, (3) Broscus^ with five, 
(4) Agonurrif Omaseus, and Brady tus, with three, and (5) Harpalus and 
Pcecilus^ with only two, abdominal ganglions — all having two head- and 
three thoracic-knots. The sympathetic nerve-system consists of a vertex- 
knot, two posterior pharyngeal ganglions, and an abdominal knot. The 
larvae (of Carabus^ Cicindela, and Omaseus) have two head, three tho- 
racic (always free), and eight abdominal ganglions, also a vertex-knot and 
four posterior pharyngeal sympathetic ganglions. Combinations of the 
abdominal knots with the last abdominal ganglion occur between the 
larval and perfect states of different genera, in different degrees ; and the 
first two abdominal knots of the larvae always fuse in the last thoracic 
knot, except in Carabus. 
The notes on the system in Diptera are the result of observations on 
276 species in the imago and 29 in the larval state, and include the meta- 
morphoses of the nerve-system in 12 species. All Diptera have brain 
convolutions, hitherto only known to occur in Musca vomitoria^ from 
Lowne’s experiments ; some show a difference in the position of the last 
abdominal knot in ^ $ (Conops, Myopa, and Zodion), in Leptis the 
last abdominal ganglion is duplicated in the $ and single in the $ , and in 
the whole of the Leptides there is the special peculiarity that all the tho- 
racic and abdominal knots are united by two di.stinct and widely separated 
commissures ; the nerve-system of the Phoridee, DoUchopodidee^ Xylopha- 
gidee^ GalUcolce (only larvas), and Noctuiformes^ is stated for the first 
time, and many errors of Leon Dufour are pointed out ; three formulated 
types of nerve-system are laid down ; the relationship of the different 
families in this respect are briefly stated ; and a table is given of the 
series of ganglions in the various families. 
The observations on Vespa refer to 6 species which have two head 
(supra- and infra- oesophageal) ganglions, two thoracic knots, and five or 
six abdominal ganglions, all united by double ventral commissures. 
The abdominal ganglions vary in number both in species and sexes. The 
sympathetic nerve-system has three divisions, and the larvae two head, 
three thoracic, and eight abdominal ganglions. 
In the Strepsiptera (4 $ & 1 ^ of Stylops melitke^ and 3 alcoholized $ 
