CLASSIFICATION, FAUNAE. 
Spang. 3 
L. K. ScHMARDA (in his “Zoologie,” 2nd edn., vol. i., Wien: 1877) 
classifies Sponges mainly on the same outlines as in his first edition, his 
system being still chiefly an admixture of Gray's with Schmidt’s earlier 
classifications. He now unites the Fam. Dysideida vfith the Fsun . Spon- 
giida, and revives Schultze’s term Lophospongice for a family of Hexacti- 
nelUda, to include Hyalonema and Asconema. He keeps the Sponges 
with the Protozoa^ as a fifth class. 
G. 0. Wallich, Pop. Sci. Rev. (n. s.) ii. pp. 374-378, derives Sponges 
from the Dictyochidce, of division Protodermata of Protozoa. 
R. R. Wright, Canad. J. Sci. (n. s.) xv. p. 417, considers the Sponges 
as Metazoa^ though they have diverged at an early period from the rest 
of the group. They are most nearly allied to the Coelenterata by their 
canal system, characters of histological and reproductive elements, and 
position of the latter in the body. 
A. K. ZiTTEL (Zur Stammesgeschichte der Spongien. Festschrift, etc. ' 
Cited from JB. Anatl Phys. vii. ii., & JB. f. Mineral. 1878, p. 885) 
divides the group as follows : — 
Order 1. Myxospongioe. 
2. CeraospongicB. 
3. Monactinellidm. 
4. Tetractinellidce. 
5. Lithistidco. 
6. Hexactinellidoe. 
7. Calcispongim. 
Lithistids and Hexactinellids are distinct in Silurian rocks, and all the 
chief groups which can be fossilized are there represented. Aulocopium 
is the ancestral form of the Lithistidce. It is improbable that the 
A scones are the ancestral forms of all Sponges ; they are not known as 
fossils. Tables showing distribution of the groups in recent and past 
time are given in JB. f. Mineral. 1878, pp. 886 & 887. 
C. VON Hayek (Handbuch der Zoologie, i. Wien : 1877) places 
Sponges under Protozoa^ as Class lY. See Protozoa. 
M. Ganin (8), p. 199, regards the Sponges as a distinct group of the 
Cvdenterata. 
W. Saville Kent, Ann. N. H. (5) i. p. 1, considers the Sponges as 
forming, with the collar-bearing Monads, a distinct group (Discostomata) 
of Protozoa, among which Haliphysema must be placed. They should be 
divided into Polytremata (ordinary Sponges) and Monotremata (the 
Physemaria). 
FAUNiE. 
CzERNiAVSKY’s paper (5) gives 44 species, including 21 new, for the 
Black and Caspian Seas ; the new are in some cases figured, often only 
mentioned by name. Numerous varieties and “formas ” are given, together 
with the localities, finders’ names, and depths in metres, in tabulated 
form, at p. 392. For details, vide infra, under the different Orders. 
Bolorrhaphidota of Siberia and the Caspian enumerated ; (7) pp. 30, 53 
& 54* 
