SPONGIIDA. 
6 Spong. 
Cliona celata. Grant, (19) shows a variety with filiform acerates, instead 
of the short spined flesh spicules ; = var. linearis, Sollas, p. 65, woodcut. 
Cliona sulphurea, Verrill, (4) p. 512, from North Carolina. Also 
observed burrowing in and breaking up Italian marble. Long Island ; 
A. E. Verrill, Am. J. Sci. (3) xvi. p. 406. 
Suberites glasenapii, (14) p. 14. Contraction of oscula effected only by 
touching them or exposing to the air. 
Rinalda, O. Schmidt, (14) p. 8. Cortical fibres not muscular. 
Stylocordyla longissima, Sars (12). Polymastia stipitata, Carter, is 
probably this species. Thecophora semisuherites, Schmidt ; Rinalda uber- 
rima, Schmidt, pi. ii. fig. 1, described, Halicnemia (Trichostemma) hemi- 
sphcerica, Sars, all off Novaia Zemlia, (12) pp. 365-371. 
The spinular spicules of Rhaphidotheca marshall-halli, Kent, (1) whose 
heads lie outwards, probably were taken from a variety of Cliona abys- 
sorum, Carter. 
The name Tethea muricata, Bowerbank, has priority over all other 
names for the sponge, which has its closest affinities with Stelletta, 
Schmidt ; Normania crassa, Bowk., and Hymeniacidon placentula, Bowk., 
are sessile varieties of the same sponge ; H. J. Carter, Ann. N. H. (5) 
ii. p. 174. 
Wyvillethomsonia wallichi, (15) p. 283, note ; a true Corticate Sponge. 
ZiTTEL (23, vide Fossil Sponges) gives full characters of all species of 
Lithistidce, with tables of distribution, &c., of the recent species ; also 
Corallistes, Schmidt, pp. 103 & 120, is emended. C. polydiscus, Sdt., = 
Rhacodiscula asteroides, Carter; C. Carter, = Azorica. Dactylo- 
calyx, p. 103 ; D. masoni, Bowerbank, = Corallistes ; D, heteroformis, 
Bowk., = Heterophymia ; D. pratti, Bowk., = Theonella ; D. polydiscus. 
Bowk., = Discodermia. Corallistes noli-tangere, Sdt., micro- taberculatus, 
Sdt., Arabescula parasitica, Cart., Azorica pfeifferoe. Cart., Liodermatium 
lynceus, Sdt., Theonella ferruginea, Haeckel, pratti^ Bowerbank, Kaliapsis 
cidaris. Bowk., Discodermia polydiscus, Bocage, Lyidium torquilla, Sdt., 
pp. 120-122, 132, 151 & 152, pi. i. 
Canal system of Lithistidce shows six modifications ; the uni-axial sur- 
face-spicules in Lithistids are probably immature quadri -radiates ; id. 1. c. 
p. 67. 
Spongilla. Small specimens on Caddis-tubes were found almost always 
to contain follicles of spermatozoa, or mother-cells, in May and June. 
C. Keller, Zool. Anz. i. p. 314. 
Spongilla lacustris, (14) p. 43, varies from yellow to green. Contains 
starch-cells, (9) p. 574, pi. xxxvi. fig. 2. 
Spongilla lacustris and S. fluviatilis taken in the Saima, in Finland ; S. 
muelleri, also in Finland. A. H. Brotherus, in Medd. Soc. Fenn. iii. 
pp. 168 & 174. 
Spongilla lacustris, muelleri, Ephydatia fiuviatilis, (7) p. 53, = Trachy- 
spongilla. g. n. 
Spongilla fluviatilis, (21) p. 53. Bowerbank’s diagnosis in Monograph 
of British Spongiadae revised. Varieties from the Thames at various 
localities are adduced as showing a spiculated dermis, mixture of spined 
with non-spined skeleton spicules (figured), and almost entire super- 
