ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, FOSSIL SPONGES. Sjpong, 13 
Hydroid polyps, in interior as well ; Algoid forms, viz., a Thamnoclonium, 
a blue Oscillatoria^ a Scytonema^ a Palmella ; Saprolegnious forms (?), 
viz., Spongiophaga communis, Cart, (woodcut), in Hircinics chiefly, and 
the origin of Lieberkiihn’s Filifera, and Bowerbank’s Stemmatumenia ; a 
mycelium, the AuUslda of Bowerbank ; and an unnamed red Alga. 
Skeleton of Spongelia pallescens (18) infested by the parasitic Alga 
CalUthamnion ; the soft parts, and even the embryo, by Oscillatoria. 
T. R. R. Stebbing, Ann. N. H. (5) ii. p. 427, has a note supplementing 
Carter’s paper on Parasites of Sponges (3), adding names of various 
Amphipod Crustacea to the list there given. 
Fossil Sponges. 
22. Carter, H. J. Mr. James Thomson’s Fossil Sponges from the 
Carboniferous System of the South-West of Scotland. Ann. N. H. 
(5) i. p. 128, pis. ix. & X. 
23. ZiTTEL, A. K. Studien iiber Fossilen Spongien. II. Lithistidm. 
Abh. bayer. Ak. ii. Cl. xiii. p. 67, pis. i.-x. (to which the references 
below refer) ; in part in JB. f. Mineral. 1878, p. 561, pis. vii.-x. ; 
translated Ann. N. H. (5) ii. pp. 112, 236, 324, 385, 467, pi. viii. 
New Genera and Species, and Classification. 
Dysidea antiqua, Carter (22), p. 139, pi. x. figs. 7-9, lower carboni- 
ferous limestone, Scotland. 
Biopalla, S. W. Wallace, Am. J. Sci. (3) xv. p. 369. No mineral 
skeleton ; subglobular, no indication of attachment, indications of — ap- 
parently — oscula (8 spp. provisionally made). Keokuk subcarboniferous 
formation, round Iowa. 
Catagma, Sollas, Ann. N. H. (5) ii. p. 353, pi. xiv. Skeleton char- 
acterized as consisting of fibres constructed of long undulating uni-axial, 
and of iiri- and quadri-radiate spicules, one ray of the latter group 
echinating the fibres. It is placed in a new subfamily Catagmida, of 
family Axinellida, Carter. 
Rhapkidistia, g. n.. Carter (22), cf. Ann. N. H. (5) iii. p. 301, for de- 
scription. R. vermiculata, Carter, p. 140, pi. ix. figs. 15-19. Locality 
as preceding species. 
PulviUus thomsoni, Carter (22), p. 137, pi. x. figs. 1-6. A cup-shaped 
Holorrhaphidote composed of simple Acerates ; very near Halichondria 
panicea, J ohnston. Lower carboniferous limestone, Scotland. 
Spongilla purbecJcensis, J. I. Young, Geol. Mag. (n.s.) v. p. 220, woodcut. 
Spicules microspined Acerate. Chert, Lulworth. 
Microspongia, S. A. Miller & C. B. Dyer, Cincinn. J. Sci. i. p. 37. 
Calcareous, “ no epitheca,” minutely porous. Spicules (?) minute, needle- 
shaped. M. gregaria, iid. iUd. pi. ii. fig. 2. Upper part of Cincinnati 
group. 
Silurispongia, K. Martin, Niederlandische und nordwestliche Sedi- 
mentargeschiebe, &c. Leiden : 1878, cited from Zool. Anz. i., and some 
new species, id. ibid. 
1878. [voL. XV.] c 5 
