GREGARINIDA. 
Prot. 18 
and interesting details as to temperature, liglit, &c.) He considers that 
the fauna was exterminated by ice at the end of Tertiary epoch, and the 
present fauna has immigrated since then, and therefore its facies is 
Quaternary. Points out the origin of the peculiar characters of the 
various regions, and the fact of all the lakes having a practically identical 
fauna. 
Macalister, a. Zoology af the Invertebrate Animals. London 
Science Class-books, 1878. 
An elementary text-book. The Sponges are constituted a distinct 
subkingdom — Polystomata ; the Amcehidm and Heliozoa are placed 
together as class Protoplasta. 
Brandt, A. Ueber das Ei und seine Bildungstatte. Leipzig : 1878, 
4 pis. 
A well illustrated work of 200 pp., giving an elaborate account of the 
insect ovary, genital organs, and egg ; a chapter is devoted to the com- 
parative anatomy of the egg, referring to examples from the sub-king- 
doms Vermes and Vertehrata^ and from other classes of the Arthropoda. 
VoGELPOEL, P. G. J. Over kern- en celdeeling. Leiden: 1878,58 pp., 
1 pi. (An Inaugural Dissertation ; reported in Niederl. Arch. 
Zool. V.) 
Experiments on epithelial and cartilage cells show a disappearance of 
the nucleolus, and an increase in the number of the nuclear granules, 
which ultimately become aggregated, generally into rods. 
Butschli, O. Ueber die rieueren Resultate in der Erforschung der 
Befruchtungsvorgange. Ber. senck. Ges. 1877-8, p. 145. 
Wattenwyl, B. von. Principien der Systematik. Verb. z.-b. Wien, 
xxvii. p. 10. 
Address on the principles of systematic zoology. He contrasts the 
purely expediential object of Linne in classification with the present 
attempts hereby to trace out the past history of organisms. Lays weight 
on the non-essential organs and parts of organs as bases for the forma- 
tion of good specific characters. 
Owen, R. On the influence of the Advent of a higher Form of Life in 
modifying the structure of an older and lower Form. J. Geol. 
Soc. xxxiv. p. 421. 
Cope, E. D. The Relation of Animal Motion to Animal Evolution. 
Am. Nat. xii. p. 40. 
