ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 
MotL 15 
all Dibranchiate Cephalopods there are two special cavities within the 
general abdominal cavity — (1) the urinary sac, being an invagination of 
the peritoneum, and containing the venous appendages and hepatic 
ducts; (2) the viscero-cardial cavity, containing the heart, branchial 
veins and branchial accessory hearts, and the ovary or testicle. The 
latter communicates with the former by a cleft on each side ; the former 
opens into the pallial cavity by a hole on each side. The venous appen- 
dages are more developed and more free in the Octopods, whereas they 
form a spongiose mass in the ten-armed Cephalopods. A distinct aqui- 
ferous apparatus exists only in the Octopods. Nautilus has four urinary 
sacs. A part of these observations, on Octopus and Eledone, is also pub- 
lished in Tijdschr. Nederl. Dierk. Ver. iv. pp. lix.-lxiii. [a German trans- 
lation in Niederl. Arch. Zool. v. 1880, pp. 115-184]. 
O. Nusslin, Beitrage,” &c., pp. 1-17, describes and figures a communi- 
cating channel between the cavity of the renal organ and that of the 
pericardium in Helix pomatia and hortensis ; he denies the existence of a 
communication between the pericardium and sanguiniferous sinus in the 
body, and thinks it probable that the renal vessels open into the cavity 
of the kidney, stating (pp. 45-47) that this channel has already been 
observed by Yon Ihering (Z. wiss. Zool. xxxix. ; see Zool. Rec. xiv. Moll. 
p. 11), and Semper (Arb. Inst. Wurzb. iii.). 
A channel leading directly from the outer surface of the skin in front 
of the gill into the atrium of the heart, detected in Pleurohranchoia, by 
H. V. Ihering, Zool. Anz. ii. p. 138 ; abstract in J. R. Micr. Soc. ii. 
p. 548. 
Some observations on the urticatiug cells in the JEolididce, and an 
opening of the intestinal branch into the sting-sac, and thereby indirectly 
to the outer surface, in Fascelina punctata and Rizzolia peregrina ; id. 
I. c. p. 137 ; abstract in J. R. Micr. Soc. 1. c. 
Note on the excretory organ of Janus cristatus (Ohiaje), Molididoi ; 
S. Trinchese, Rend. Acc. Bologn. 1878-79, pp. 76 & 77. 
M. Hartog thinks that the external communication of the “ organ of 
Bo j anus,” or kidney, in the Anodonta^ does not serve to receive water 
from without, but to flush the renal organs, which are filled with solid 
excreta. J. de I’Anat. Phys. xiii. [1879] p. 400 ; abstract in J. R. Micr. 
Soc. ii. p. 551. 
J. Carriere has published a paper on the glands in the foot of the 
Bivalves ; he comes to the conclusion that a byssal gland exists originally 
in all ; but becomes rudimentary in many. Arb. Inst. Wurzb. v. p. 56 ; 
abstract in J. R. Micr. Soc. ii. pp. 859 & 860 [Q/*. Zool. Rec. xv. Moll. 
p. 10.] 
T. Barrois, Bull. Sci. Nord. (2) ii. pp. 1-7, opposes some of Carriere’s 
statements [Zool. Rec. xv. Moll. p. 10] ; he avers (pp. 278-285) that 
there are two sorts of glands in the foot of the Bivalves, opening into the 
furrow at its under side ; in front, brown coloured glands, secreting 
agglutinative matter, and behind, white glands secreting filamentous 
matter. His observations have been made on Area tetragona (Poli) and 
Pecten maximus (L.). He also describes a true byssal gland in Saxicava 
rugosa (L.); pp. 314-318. 
