TUNICATA. 
Moll. 105 
TUNICATA. 
A. S. Packard, Jr., ia “ Zoology for Students and GTeneral Readers ” 
(New York: 1879, 8vo), pp. 197-199, fig. 136, describes and figures the 
internal anatomy of Boltenia reniformis, the branchial chamber, intes- 
tine, liver, and ovaries. The cavity between the end of the intestine and 
excurrent orifice is called atrium. 
Chemical note on the animal cellulose or tunicino, the sugar substance 
of which is identical with ordinary glycose ; Franciiimont, C. R. Ixxxix. 
pp. 755 & 756. 
W. Macleay has observed that several large Ascidians, thrown on shore 
after a severe storm, changed their positions, leaving on the wet sand a 
distinct track in accordance with the weight and size of their mass. P. 
Linn. N. S. W. iii. [1878] p. 54 ; abstract in J. R. Micr. Soc. ii. p. 302. 
Salensky’s paper on the development of Salpa [Zool. Rec. xv. Moll. 
p. 92] abstracted in J. R. Micr. Soc. ii. pp. 551 & 552. 
Kerguelen Island. 6 species of Tunicata indicated by T. Studer, Arch, 
f. Nat. xlv. p. 130. 
Lacaze-Duthiers has given a short account of the history and general 
structure of the Ascidians, pointing out the different opinions of Savigny, 
Milne-Edwards, and Hancock as to what may be called the front and back 
in these organisms ; he considers the side of the cloaca and the excretory 
orifice to be the back, the opposite to these to be the front, the point of 
fixation the upper side, and the aperture of the respiratory sac the lower 
side. Arch. Z. exp4r. vi. [1877] pp. 457-473. 
Halocynthia, new name for Cynthia (Sav., nec Fab.) ; six species from the 
East coast of North America enumerated by Verrill, P. U. S. Nat. Mus. 
1879, p. 188. 
Ascidia inornata, sp. n., id. ibid., Johnson’s Bay, N. America, 12fath. 
Lacaze-Duthiers has established a distinct family, Molgulidm, charac- 
terized by the six-lobed branchial and four-lobed anal orifices, the flexure 
of the intestine lodged between the two layers of the mantle on the right 
side and visible from without, the existence of a distinct renal organ on 
the left side above and in front of the heart, the situation of the genital 
glands, which form two distinct masses, one right and one left, each con- 
taining testicle and ovary, &c. He subdivides this family into two 
groups ; — 
1. Molgulidm anurce. Larva without tail, Anurella.. 
2. Molgulidce urodelce. Larva tailed, Ctenicella, Molgula, Eugyra. 
Arch. Z. exper. vii. pp. 473-491. 
Anurella, g. n. Larva amoeboid ; branchial meridian complex, infundi -' 
bula complicated, tremas short. A. roscovita, new name for the species 
described by the author in Arch. Z. exper, iii., nculata (Forbes, as Mol- 
gula), solenota, sp. n., simplex (Hauc., as Molgula), Brehat, on stones, 
hteizi, sp. n., figured, all found near Roscoff in the British Channel, the 
second and third only procured by dredging, the three others also found 
during strong ebb tides on rocks and stones. Lacaze-Duthiers, 1. c. 
pp. 495-567, fully described, the four latter figured, pis. xiv.-xviii. 
