6 Ins, 
INSECTA. 
biungulatis. Abdomen 9-articulatum, segmentis ventralibus ^7 ( $ 6 ?) 
non appendiculatis ; segmentum mediale absque parte ventrali. Cerci 2, 
e segmento ultimo orieutes. Spiracula ?. Antennae setaceae. 
SCHILDE, J. Gegen pseudodoxische Transmutationslehren, ein ento- 
mologisch Nachweis irriger Studien zur Descendenztheorie. Leipzig ; 
1879, pp. 154. 
ScHLECHTENTHAL, H. V., & WuNSCHE, O. Die lusecten. Band. i. 
Leipzig : 1879, 8vo, pp. xii. & 707, 15 pis. 
ScuDDER, S. H. The Early Types of Insects ; or the Origin and Sequence 
of Insect liife in Palaeozoic Times. Mem. Bost. Soc. iii. pt. i. 
pp. 13-21. 
The author’s principal conclusions are that Hexapoda^ Araahnida, and 
Myriopoda appeared simultaneously in Carboniferous strata. Ilexapoda 
may be divided into a higher group {Metabola), including Hymenoptera^ 
Lepidoptera^ and Diptera^ and into a lower group {Heterometabola) ^ 
including Coleoptera, Hemiptera^ Orthoptera^ and Neuroptera. All 
Devonian and Carboniferous insects are Heterometabola, and many syn- 
thetic types combining the characters of various Orders existed in palaeozoic 
times ; and the lower suborders of Heterometabola {Orthoptera and 
Neuroptera^ were much more abundant than Coleoptera and Hemiptera. 
Most of the palaeozoic Orthoptera were Blattidce\ and the Neuroptera 
were much rarer than the lower Pseudoneuroptera. The general type of 
wing-structure has remained unaltered from the first, but the front and hind 
wings of palaeozoic Insects, with three exceptions, were similar and mem- 
branous, and the neuration in widely diverse types was much more similar 
than now. The Metabola do not appear till Jurassic times. It is probable 
that winged Insects may be discovered in Devonian, and even Silurian, 
formations, of still more generalized structure than any yet known. The 
earlier Insects were usually of large size, and there is a great similarity 
between the carboniferous insect-fauna of Europe and N. America. 
Slater, J. W. On certain minute characters of Insects, with reference 
to the theory of Evolution. P. E. Soc. 1879, pp. liii.-lv. 
Consists chiefly of remarks on the venom of Hymenoptera, and on the 
structure, &c., of the wing-scales of Lepidoptera. 
Spicer, W. W. Plants as Insect Destroyers. P. K. Soc. Tasm. 1877, 
pp. 81-91. 
Relates to mould, resin, insectivorous plants, &c. 
Taschenberg, E. L. Praktische Insectenkunde, oder Naturgeschichte 
aller derjenigen Insecten, mit welchen wir in Deutschland nach den 
bisherigen Erfahrungeh in nahere Beriihrung kommen konnen, 
nebst Angabe der Bekampfungsmittel gegen die schadlichen unter 
ihnen. Bremen : 1879, 8vo, woodcuts. I. Einfiihrung in die 
Insektenkunde ; pp. vi. & 233. II. Die Kafer und Hautfliigler; 
pp. viii. & 401. 
The first volume of this work contains a general sketch of the various 
orders of Insects, treating of the structure, transformations, &c., of each 
