192 Ins. 
DIPTERA. 
Graber, V. Ueber neue, otocystenartige Sinnesorgane der Insecten. 
Arch. mikr. Anat. xvi. pp. 56-97, pis. iii. & iv. 
The writer describes the internal structure of the antennae (which he 
regards as auditory organs) in Diptera, and also describes an organ resem- 
bling a long pear-shaped bladder which he has discovered in a Dipterous 
larva, behind the dorsal vessel, and between the 9th and 10th segments ; 
and suggests that this also may be an auditory organ. 
Kunckel d’Herculais, J. Recherches morphologiques et zoologiques 
sur le systeme nerveux des Insectes dipteres. 0. R. Ixxxix. pp. 
491-494. 
In the Stratiomyiid(e, Tahanidce, Syrphido}, Conopidcb, and part of the 
Muscidce, Acaly pierce (Sepsince^ Platystomince, &c.), the nervous chain of 
the larva becomes elongated during the pupa state, by the separation of 
some of the ganglia which were previously united, and the transfer of others 
to the abdomen of the imago. The Diptera may thus be divided into three 
groups, according to the evolution of the nervous system : — (1) those in 
which the ganglia become reduced in number in the pupa state, as in the 
majority of other mseots {TipuUdce, Mycetophilidce, Oulicidce^ Chironomidce, 
BibionidcBy Asilidce, Leptidce, &c., forming the bulk of the old group 
Nemocera ; (2) those in which the ganglia become more separated during 
the pupa state {Stratiomyiidce^ &c., as above mentioned) ; and (3) those 
in which the thoracic and abdominal ganglia remain connected, as in the 
larva (^CEstridce^ Hippohoscidce^ Nycteribiidce). A further classification 
is suggested as follows :-r-Thoracic and abdominal ganglia united in a 
single mass {Uippoboscidcej Nycteribiidce^ CEstridce, and Muscidce Caly- 
pierce) ; (2) two nervous centres, one thoracic and the other abdominal 
{ConopidcB and the majority of the Muscidce Acaly pierce) ; (3) one 
thoracic and two abdominal centres {Syrphidce) ; (4) one thoracic and five 
abdominal centres {Tahanidce^ Straiiomyiidce) ; (5) two thoracic and five 
abdominal eemixes (^J'hereviclce) \ (6) three thoracic and five abdominal 
centres (Scenopinidce) ; (7) two or three thoracic centres more or less 
united, and always six abdominal centres (Xylophagidce^ EmpidcCy 
AsilidcCy Bombyliidcey BibionidcCy Culicidccy Chironomidce, Tipulidce, Rhy~ 
phidce, Myceiophilidce) ; (8) two thoracic and no abdominal centres {Doli- 
chopidcBy which thus show an affinity to the Muscidce). 
. Terminaisons nerveuses tactiles et gustatives de la trompe des 
Dipteres. Assoc. Fr. vii. pp. 771-773. 
After a brief review of the observations of Ley dig, Landois, and 
Jobert, the proboscis in Dipiera is described as terminating in two valves 
which correspond to the labial palpi. Below the integument is a large 
branching tube, called the false tracheae, the function of which is to 
strengthen the palpi. There are true tracheae in the thickness of the 
palpi, but parallel to the stem of the false tracheae runs the large labial 
nerve, which immediately dichotomises, sending a large number of rami- 
fications to both the inner and outer surfaces of the terminal valves of 
the proboscis (or the palpi). The nervous filaments on the outer surface 
are couected with the long and well-developed hairs which border the 
proboscis ; those on the inner side are connected with the rudimentary 
