FAUNISTIC NOTICES^ GENERA, SPECIES, &C. Spoiig , 3 
Emil v. Marenzeller, Verb. z.-b. Wion, xxviii. pp. G87-C94, discusses 
the best methods of rearing bath-sponges as articles of commerce. 
Genera, Species, &c., referred to. 
Carnosa (Carter). 
Close alliance of some Suheritida to the Gumminida ; (1) p. 300. 
Halisarca, (7) p. 372, pi. xxi. figs. 1-2 c. Food particles enter the 
mesoderm as well as endodcrm. 
H. ponfica, 1. c. p. 375. 
Halisarca dujardini^ (7) p. 349, pi. xx. figs. 1-19, & xxi. figs. 3 & 4. 
Two varieties are found at Naples, the larva of the one being nearly 
twice as large as that of the other. The testes have an epithelial coat. 
The young ova are hardly distinguishable from some ordinary meso- 
dermic cells. Among the cleavage cells, smaller and larger cells are 
distinguishable after the second cleavage. The cavity is filled with cells, 
grouped into rosette-like masses, the future mesoderm cells. The larva 
has but two chief body layers, ectoderm and mesoderm. A thin cellular 
external epithelium is formed. The water canals originate in the meso- 
derm without invagination. 
Halisarca lohularis. Free swimming buds of this species observed by 
F. E. Schulze, Zool. Anz. ii. p. 636, to be formed in the autumn by 
extrusion of hollow outgrowths which contain ciliated chambers ; they 
are ultimately set free, and swim about as semi-transparent capsules, 
2-3 mm. in diameter ; they throw out gelatinous processes from the 
body- wall, terminated by fine amoeboid pseudopodia ; their internal 
structure is essentially that of the adult. They become fixed and spread 
out into flat crusts, reproducing the ordinary features of the adult. The 
author considers that this method of reproduction may be intended in 
this case to perpetuate the species by mobile germs, at a time when the 
ordinary sexual method is in abeyance. 
Covticium vyallichiy Carter, (1) p. 353, pi. xxix. figs. 5-9, re-characterized; 
from South Sea ; in cavities of Stylasier sanguineus, Cape of Good Hope, 
Seychelles, and (2) p. 495, = Gummina, or, rather, Alectona, Carter, g. n. 
linfrd]. 
Spirastrella cunctatrix, Schmidt, (1) p. 357. Perhaps = Cliondrilla 
phyllodes, Schmidt ; now found at Mauritius and S. Australia. 
Ceratina and Psammonemata (Carter). 
Spongiidce, (9) p. 593. Family defined as having small, semicircular, 
ciliated chambers, each provided with a special excretory duct, and sur- 
rounded by a very granular connective tissue, whose skeleton consists of a 
network of solid, concentrically laminated spongin-fibres, containing here 
and there foreign bodies, but never proper siliceous structures, and 
devoid of the fibres with “ filaments,” The genera Euspongia, Bronn, 
Hippospongia, g. n., Schultze, Phyllospongia, Ehlers, Carteriospongia, 
Hyatt, Cacospongia, Schmidt, Stelospongia, Schmidt, are assigned to the 
family. 
The skeleton-fibres of Spongiidee, ibid. p. 633, consist of an axial and a 
