26 Moll. 
MOLLUSCA. 
Helix ichthyomma. On its sub-fossil occurrence in Thuringia ; Mar- 
tens, JB. mal. Ges. iv. pp. 229 & 230. 
S. Clessin has examined the land and freshwater shells deposited in 
the pleistocene and alluvial beds in Bavaria ; compared with those which 
are still living in the same countries, he comes to the following conclu- 
sions ; — In the valley of the Danube, during the pleistocene period, the 
climate was cold and wet. The then living species of land snails are 
chiefly those now widely spread in Europe ; a few others, then living in the 
plains of Bavaria, have retired to the Alps or are totally extinct. At 
the time of the alluvial deposits, the climate was remarkably warmer, but 
also very wet, and several species, then living in many parts of Southern 
Germany, such as Zonites verticillus and Helix austriaca, have since 
retired to the south-eastern part of Europe \ very few (6) species repre- 
sented in the alluvial beds are now extinct. Several others, now known 
only from few and somewhat isolated localities, as Helix ruderata^ Clau- 
silia Jilograna, &c., were formerly more generally spread, their distribu- 
tion having been more continuous. OB. Ver. Regensb. 1877 (separate 
copy, 76 pp.). 
Land shells from diluvial beds (Loess) in Hungaria, all recent species, 
collected by Prof. E. Beyrich, determined by Martens, SB. nat. Fr. 
1877, pp. 213 & 214. 
U. Turnouer has published notes on the shells of the quarternary 
tufa at La Celle, near Moret, dep. Seine -et-Marne. Among 33 land- 
shells, 21 are identical with species still living in the same country; 
some others, as Helix lidens (Chemn.) and Zonites acies (Mhlfld.), sur- 
•vive only in other parts of Europe ; others are quite extinct. Helix 
pomatia and aspersa^ at present very abundant in that country, are not 
represented. Bull. Soc. G4ol. (3) 1874 ; J. de Conch, xxv. pp. 306 & 307. 
Scrohicularia piperata (Gm.), sub-fossil in mud, near Greifswald ; 
Friedel, Nachr. mal. Ges. 1 877, pp. 82 & 83. [It is also found living in 
the western part of the Baltic, but rarely.] 
Monterosato has published a paper on the post-pliocene, or what has 
been called glacial, shells of Monte Pellegrino and Ficarazzi, near 
Palermo, many of which are identical with species still living in 
the Mediterranean ; Bollettino del Regio Gomitato Geologico (Roma : 
1877), Nos. 1 & 2. G. Brugnone gives several critical observations and 
additions to it, discussing 36 species of them which are still living in the 
Mediterranean, 6 of which are living in the Atlantic or northern seas, 
but not in the Mediterranean, and 12 which are quite extinct, so far as 
known ; Bull. Soc. mal. Ital. hi. pp. 17-46, pi. i. 
S. Brusina contradicts the identiflcation of several fossil species from 
the miocene beds near Vienna with recent Mediterranean species, as ad- 
mitted by Hornes, and gives new names to the fossils; J. de Conch, 
xxv. pp. 368-378. 
G. Seguenza has described and figured the tertiary Nuculidce of 
Southern Italy, 58 species, 16 still living ; 4 of the latter appear in the 
miocene, the rest in the pliocene strata. Atti Acc. Rom. (3) i. 1876-77, 
pp. 1163-1200, 5 pis. 
M. DE Cessac has examined the shells of certain limestone layers in 
