GASTROPODA. ( PULMON ATA ) . 
Moll. 75 
therefore needed before it can be determined which of those cavern shells, 
called Zospeum by Bourguignat, belong to the Helicidcc. SB. nat. Fr. 
1877, pp. 201-203. 
Carychium noduliferum, sp. n., Reinhardt, JB. mal. Ges. iv. p. 324, 
pi. xi. fig. 8 ; also SB. nat. Fr. 1877, p. 97, Misaki, J apan. 
Marinula maindroni, sp. n., and nigra (Phil.), var. n. minor ^ Yelain, 
Arch. Z. exper. vi. pp. 125 & 126, pi. iv. figs. 25 & 26, St. Paul and 
Amsterdam Islands. 
Melampus corticinus, sp. n., Morelet, J. de Conch, xxv. p. 216, Mauritius. 
Limnaoidas. 
A. Pauly has studied the respiration of the Limnoiidm [see Zool. Rec. 
xii. p. 193, xiii. Moll. p. 51], and, from numerous observations and ex- 
periments, comes to the following conclusions : the Limnceidce, under 
natural conditions, come at intervals to the surface of the water in order 
to breathe air ; these intervals vary from a few minutes to several hours, 
chiefiy according to the facility of reaching the surface by creeping. 
Under water, the pulmonary orifice is kept closed, and is not extended by 
water ; only very young snails have it open and filled with water, and 
this only before they begin to breathe air. If bubbles of air are present, 
as in shallow ponds containing many water-plants, or in an aquarium, 
the LininmidcR make use of these bubbles for their respiration. Adult 
specimens kept from air can survive for 90 days, but they respire only 
by the skin, and never use the pulmonary sac as a water-respiring organ. 
But as the young snails, in the egg and some time after being 
hatched, receive water in their pulmonary orifice, it is possible that those 
which live at a considerable depth may retain this sort of respiration 
during their whole life, together with respiration by the skin. Ueber die 
Wasserathmung der Limnaciden, 47 pp. 
S. Clessin thinks that the Limneddoi normally respire water, and that 
they are compelled to come to the surface and respire air only by un- 
usually high temperature. Mal. Bl. xxiv. pp. 175 & 176. 
Limncea. Numerous varieties of the European species discussed and 
figured by Kobelt, Iconogr. v. pp. 32-46, and pp. 117-123, pis. cxxviii.- 
exxx., cxlix., cl. 
Limnma yrofunda.^ sp. n., = stagnalis var. (Brot), L. ahyssicola (Brot), 
and foreli^ sp. n., Clessin, Mal. Bl. xxiv. pp. 171 & 172, pi. iii. figs. 2-4, 
8 & 9, depths of the Lake of Geneva, corresponding to L. stagnalis^ 
palustris., and auricularia. 
Limnma peregra (Mull.), var. n. albida, Lister Peace, Q. J. Conch. 
No. 10, p. 174, Askorn. 
Limnoia limosa (L.), keeled deformity, from Edinburgh, Pierves, Proc. 
verb. Soc. mal. Belg. vi. p. 47, with woodcut. 
Limncea aeutalis (Morelet). Note on it by the author ; J. de Conch, 
xxv. p. 249, Portugal. 
Limncea andersoniana B.nd yunnanensis, spp. nn., Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi. 
pt. 2, p. 26, Yunnan, the first at 4000 feet, and also found at Kashgar ; 
very near pervia (Martens). 
