TUNICATA, POLYZOA. 
Moll 01 
(which correspond to the cloacal opening), or to the branchial of Balpa, 
as proved by the different situation of the endostyle. Tlie development 
of the Salpce is to be regarded as an abbreviation of that of the Ascidians. 
Morph. JB. iii. pp. 549-602, pis. xxviii.-xxx., and Z. wiss. Zool. xxviii. 
pp. 396-398. A fuller abstract by H. v. Ihering, in JB. Anat. Physiol, 
vi. pp. 93-97. 
P. Langeriians describes the muscular and nervous systems in the 
tail of CEcopleura and Fritillaria ; the caudal nerve situated above 
the chorda has 12-16 gangliorls disposed in pairs ; the muscular nerves 
come in pairs at nearly equal distances from the trunk of the caudal 
nerve, and are to bo regarded as spinal nerves ; the tail consists of six 
segments, each of which is formed by a single muscular plate. MB. Ak. 
Berl. 1877, pp. 661-566. 
Prof. Hartmann gives some notes on the anatomy of Ascidia mentula 
(L.) ; SB. nat. Fr. 1877, pp. 208-211. 
N. Nassonoff’s paper on the anatomy of Circinalium and Molgula, at 
the meeting of the Russian naturalists at Warsaw, Sept., 1876, has not 
been seen by the Recorder. 
The formation of the egg in PTiallusia intestinalis (L.) has been 
examined by H. Fol ; he comes to the somewhat strange result that the 
cells of the follicular epithelium have their origin within the egg, and 
emigrate from thence to the surface; the cells of the test having no rela- 
tion either to these follicular cells or to the so-called corpuscula of direc- 
tion. J. de Microgr, i. pp. 281-284, pi. 1. 
Octacnemus, g. n. Test gelatinous and hyaline, stellate, with eight 
rays ; respiratory sac flattened ; no gill-network ; inhalant and exhalant 
orifice between the same rays, the former a transverse slit, the latter 
round and tubiform, situated more outwards ; nerve-ganglion on the 
nucleus; endostyle distinct. 0. hy thins ^ sp. n.. North of Now Guinea, 
near Schouten Island, 1070 fathoms. Moseley, Tr. L. S. (2) i. pp. 
289-292, pi. xliv. figs. 7-13. 
Hypohythius^ g. n., allied to Doltenia, of transparent hyaline tissue, 
with symmetrically arranged cartilaginous plates ; exhalant orifice at the 
end of a short tube projecting externally. II. calycodes^ sp. n., North 
Pacific Ocean, lat. 37° N., 2900 fathoms ; id. 1. c. pp. 287-289, pi. xliv. 
figs. 1-6. 
Chelyosoma in the White Sea ; Wagner, Meeting of Russian naturalists 
at Warsaw, Sept., 1876 (Z. wiss. Zool. xxviii. p. 385). 
POLYZOA. 
L. Joliet comes, by anatomical researches and physiological experi- 
ments upon Bdwerhanhia imhricata, to the conclusion that what has been 
called a colonial nervous system is not at all of nervous nature, the 
animals showing no motion or its irritation ; it is formed chiefly by 
spindle-shaped cells, and is a prolongation of the single cystids ; he pro- 
poses for it the term “ endosarc.” Transversely striated muscles and a 
nervous ganglion are most evident in Eucratea chelata. He supports the 
view that cystid and polypid represent different individuals ; the “ brown 
