Verm. 1 
VEPvMES. 
BY 
F. Jeffrey Bell^ B.A.^ F.Z.S. 
Classification of the Group. 
1. IIayek, G. von. Handbucli der Zoologie. Bd. I. Wien : 1877. 
Vermes^ pp. 246-426, woodcuts. 
2. Huxley, T. H. The Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals. London : 
1877. Vermes, pp. 176-250 ; Myzostomata, pp. 627-629 ; Entero- 
pneusla, pp. 629-631; Ch(etognatha, pp. 632-636; NematoicJea, 
pp. 636-645 ; Acanthocephala,'^Tg. 646-652 ; Dicyemida, pp. 652-655. 
3. Lankester, E. Bay. Notes on Embryology and Classification. 
Q. J. Micr. Sci. xvii. pp. 399-455 (also separately). 
4. SciiMARDA, L. K. Zoologie. 2nd ed. Bd. I. Wien ; 1877. 
The present state of the classification of this group is well indicated in 
the terms with which Huxley (2) prefaces his remarks on the classi- 
fication of what are here called Vermes (p. 671): “If there were no 
invertebrated animals beside those included under the four divisions 
of Artliropoda, MoUusca, Zoophyta, and Protozoa, the task of classifica- 
tion would be very easy, and each of the higher divisions would bo 
sharply defined from the others. But a vast residuum remains to bo 
considered, and it is with the attempt to arrange those residual orders 
into higher groups that the difficulties of the taxonomist commence.” 
[These remarks offer a sufficient justification for the publication of the 
following detailed arrangements of Huxley, Schmarda, Ray Lankester, 
and Von Hayek.] 
The Annelida contain the Polycliceta and the Oligochceta, the Iliru- 
dinea, and the Gephyrea, which are united on account of the association 
of the following characters : (a) the segmentation of the body is at least 
indicated by the serially multi-gangliate nervous centres; (b) the pre- 
sence of cilia and of segmental organs ; (c) and in the nature of the 
larvae which are set free, when their embryos are hatched at an early 
stage of development. With the Annelida are (“though not without 
some hesitation ” ) included the Myzostomata. 
1877. [vOL. XIV.] C 1 
