XX 
INTRODUCTION 
A Mam'mal is a warm-blooded creature, that brings forth its young alive, and nourishes 
it with milk from its own body. All land mammals, save a few species, are covered with hair; 
and all sustain life by breathing air with the aid of lungs. Except man, the mammals which live 
upon land are also called quad'ru-peds. 
A Quad'ru-ped is a mammal which possesses four feet, or, having two hands and two feet, 
like the apes, yet walks upon all-fours. 
Man is a bi'ped, or two-footed animal. Land mammals generally are quad'rupeds, or four- 
footed, and monkeys are quad-ru'ma-nous, or four -handed. 
The term quadrumana is often applied to apes and monkeys because the long great-toe on 
the hind foot makes the foot quite hand'-like in its grasping power. 
A Bird is a warm-blooded animal, which comes from an egg that usually is laid and hatched 
by the parent. It breathes air, is covered with feathers, usually is provided with wings, and all 
save a few species can fly. 
A Reptile is a cold-blooded, egg-laying animal, usually covered with scales or a bony shell. 
All have lungs and breathe air, but some are able to live in water so comfortably they are called 
am-phib'i-ous. 
An Am-phib'i-an is a member of the Class of animals which forms a connecting link between 
reptiles and fishes. Some breathe air, and live alternately on land and in water, like frogs. Others 
have gills, and live in water all their lives. A few are capable of developing either gills or lungs, 
according to the presence or absence of water, like the wonderful Ax-o-lotl' of Mexico. 
A Fish is a cold-blooded animal, possessing gills, fins, and (usually) scales. All save a very 
few species live permanently in water. The exceptions are certain fishes in the East Indies which 
for short intervals hop about on land, or even climb rocks or trees! 
THE 
ANIMAL 
WORLD. 
GRAND DIVISIONS OF THE ANIMAL WORLD 
Branches. Classes. 
Mammals 
Birds 
Reptiles 
Ver'te-brates : ^ Amphibians 
Fishes 
Myzonts 
Lancelets 
Insects: — Body in segments, reproduce by a complete change in form. 
Crus-ta'ce-ans (Crabs, Lobsters, etc.): — Skeleton external; gill-breathing, chiefly 
aquatic. 
Mol'lusks (“Shell-Fish”) : — Soft-bodied, usually covered by a hard, limy shell. 
Worms: — True worms, and other forms not fitting in elsewhere. 
Star-Fishes : — Salt-water animals, with star-like structure. 
Corals: — Minute, salt-water animals, which build up solid masses of their limy 
skeletons. 
Jelly-Fishes: — Disk-shaped, jelly-like sea animals, with no hard parts. 
Sponges: — Stationary aquatic animals, which look like plants; skeletons of tough, 
fibrous cells. 
Pro-to-zo'ans : — Lowest forms of life, beginning with the single cell; mostly 
microscopic. 
HOW ANIMALS ARE CLASSIFIED 
In order to know and appreciate even a small proportion of the world’s animals, their correct 
arrangement into groups is as necessary as a systematic arrangement of the books in a vast library. 
By their forms and characters, animals are divided into natural groups and subdivisions, and in 
