THE MUSK-OX 
105 
facing their enemies until killed. This habit, so 
fatal in the presence of man, is all that saves the 
herds from being exterminated by the hordes of 
big white wolves which infest the Barren Grounds. 
General A. W. Greely states that the aver- 
age weight of ten Musk-Oxen, dressed, was 360 
pounds, while the heaviest weighed 432 pounds. 
This would indicate an average live weight of 
404 pounds, and a maximum live weight of 
604 pounds. 
The accompanying map shows the range of 
Natural History Museum of Stockholm, made 
important and valuable contributions to the life 
history of Ovibos wardi. On the barren, rocky 
hillsides and level upland pastures surrounding 
Scoresby Sound and Liverpool Bay, from lati- 
tude 70° to about latitude 74°, the expedition 
found Musk-Oxen in herds of from three to 
sixty-seven individuals, until the total number 
observed amounted to between two hundred and 
thirty and two hundred and forty. For the first 
time, this remarkable species was photographed 
RANGE OF THE MUSK-OX. 
Heavy black spots s'gnify actual occurrences. The dotted area indicates the probable range of the genus. 
The species north of Great Slave Lake is Ovibos moschatus, and that of Greenland and Grant Land is the 
White-Fronted Musk-Ox, Ovibos wardi. 
the Musk-Ox, the southern limit of which is 64°. 
During the last fifteen years whole herds have 
been killed in the Barren Grounds north of Great 
Slave and Great Bear Lakes, at Lady Franklin 
Bay, and on the eastern and northeastern coasts 
of Greenland. 
During the year 1899, a Swedish scientific ex- 
pedition to the east coast of Greenland, under 
the leadership of Prof. A. G. Nathorst, of the 
in its wild haunts, by Prof. Nathorst, Mr. Johan- 
nes Madsen and Mr. E. Nilson, and with very 
gratifying success. Of these pictures the most 
perfect is that which shows the leader of the ex- 
pedition closely approaching a herd. 
Prof. Nathorst states that to the leeward of a. 
herd, the odor of the animals was noticeable at 
a distance of 100 metres, but that when a freshly- 
slain animal is promptly and properly eviscerated, 
