313 
radicans Hack., and Aristida stipoides R. Br., var. tenuiseiulosa- Pilger 
are also identical with Australian species or have affinities with Australian 
types. 
Characteristic Malayan species are Coelorluichis hiaurita Hack., Isaehiie 
henecl'ei Hack., Paniciim auritinu Presl, Oplismenus unduluUfolius var. 
inibecillis Black., Fennisetum, macrostnchy am Trin., Leptaspis urceolata. 
P. Br., and Dinochlua scand&ns 0. Kuntze, these- species being for most 
part confined to the Malayan region, while no less than 100 other 
sjiecies are common to the Philip]i)ines and. Malaya, hut also extend to 
other regions. 
FolHnis tenuis Trin., and IscJuiemuin interinediuni are known only 
from the Philippines and Polynesia, ljut many othei- characteristic species 
extend from other places through the Philippines to that region. 
Twenty-six species extend from Africa to southern Asia and Malaya 
and the Philippines, 8 of which reach Pol3mesia and 10 Australia. Forty 
species are encountered from southern Asia and l\Ialaya, 0 of tliem being 
found also in Polynesia and 19 in Australia. 
On the whole, the Philippine Gra-ininew are strongly Malayan or Indm 
Malayan, with a decided northern element in the highlands of northern 
Luzon, and a rather characteristic Australian one, which, strangely, is 
from the same northern region of the Archipelago, rather than from 
the southern islands, although when more extensive collections have 
been made in the interior of Mindanao, doubtless most of these Australian 
types, which at present are known in the Philippines only from northern 
Luzon, will be found in Mindanao. 
I acknowledge, with great pleasure, the valualjle assistance of Dr. E. 
Hackel, of Graz, Austria, in the preparation of this paper, as he has 
verified very many of my own identifications, corrected others, compared 
my material with type or authentic specimens, identified many species, 
and supplied me with copious notes on synonomy. Without this as- 
sistance it would have been impossible for me to have issued this paper 
in its present form, nor would the finished work have been nearly as 
authentic. 
GRAAIINEHT 
CHAUiVCTEKS OF THE ORDER. 
Erect, decumbent or creeping herbs, annual or perennial, or in the 
tribe Bamhmecv erect or seandent shrubs or trees. Culms (stems) terete 
or compressed, jointed ; internodes usually hollow, sometimes solid. 
Leaves simple, usually long and narrow, entire, parallel-veined, the 
sheathing portion below distinct from the blade and split down one side, 
bearing at the juncture of the blade with the sheath a membranous or 
cartilaginous appendage (ligule), the ligule rarely wanting, sometimes 
reduced to a row of hairs. Inflorescence spicate, recemose, capitate or 
