28 
COPELAND. 
2. PHANEROSORUS Copeland. 
Fronds, pendent with slender stipe and rachis, sympodially branched 
as in Lygodium, each dwarf branch bearing a pair of one to three times 
dichotomous pinnae ; veins free or forming costal areolae ; sori usually 
just outside these areolae; indusium but slightly curved under the sporan- 
gia; sporangia 10 to 14. Only one species known. 
Phanerosorus sarmentosus (Baker) Copel. Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 
344. (Plate XVII.) 
Fronds up to 1 m. long; ultimate divisions up to 14 cm long. 3 to 4 
nun wide, more or less sinuate, obtuse, coriaceous, ash-green; sori some- 
times copious, 2 mm in diameter. 
Borneo, Sarawak, around limestone caves at Niah and Bidi. 
10. CYATHEACEiE. 
Caudex erect and almost always arborescent; fronds usually twice or 
more pinnate; sori dorsal or marginal, globose, with more or less prom- 
inent receptacle; sporangia opening by a transverse slit, the annulus 
(except exceptionally in Balantium) oblique enough to be a complete 
ring. A family including one or two small genera besides those in this 
region. Through Balantium , at least a part of the genera included here 
are closely related to the Polypodiaceae. 
Sori dorsal 1. Cyathea 
Sori marginal. 
Fertile tooth slightly modified. 
Llltimate divisions oblique 2. Balantium 
LTltimate divisions not oblique 3. Dicksonia 
Fertile tooth greatly modified 4. Cibotium 
1. CYATHEA Smith. 
Tree ferns (with rare exceptions), often very large; sori on the backs 
or in the forks of the fertile veinlets. These ferns are usually separated 
artificially into three genera. Cyathea, Hemitelia or Amphicosmia, and 
Alsophila. As construed here, Cyathea includes about 400 species, chiefly 
tropical. 
1. Frond simple 1. C.sinuata 
1. Pinnae not lobed, not cordate 2. G.moluccana 
1. Pinnae lobed or almost entire, cordate 3. C.hookeri 
1. Pinnules not lobed. 
2. Pinnules less than 2 cm long 4. C. dulitensis 
2. Pinnules more than 3 cm long. 
3. Rachises glabrous 5. G. alternans 
3. Rachises finely hairy above. 
4. Sori not costular 6. G. podophylla 
4. Sori costular, crowded 7. G. rheosora 
