418 
FOXWORTI-IY. 
no wood which rots quickly is suitable for piling. The use of sheathed 
or impregnated woods for piling is fairly common and will doubtless 
become more so where permanency is desired. 
The different mangrove swamp trees are very satisfactory for tem- 
porary piling and have been known to last as much as seven or eight 
years exposed to teredo attack. Their best use, however, seems to be 
as supports for foundations on swampy or low ground. There seems no 
reason why they should not last for several hundred years in such places. 
Quite another class of piling is used in many places as a support for 
foundations. The piles are driven down to at least 14 meters below the 
surface and are then capped with concrete and a concrete foundation 
placed on top of them. They are thus protected from the air and are 
beneath the level of insect work. For such a purpose it is only necessary 
to select wood strong enough to bear the weight, and otherwise useless 
woods may be used. 
Woods used for piling are : 
In the Philippines: 
Molave Vitex littoralis. 
Aranga 
Eomalium spp. 
Agoho 
Casuarina equisetifolia. 
Betis 
Illipe betis. 
Dungon 
Tarrietia sylvatica. 
Dungon-late 
Heritiera littoralis. 
Liusin 
Parinarium griffUhianum. 
Maneono 
Xanthostemon verdugonian \ 
Pagatpat 
Sonneratia pagatpat. 
Piagao 
Xylocarpus granatum. 
Tabao 
L umnitzera li t torea. 
Yacal 
Shorea or Hopea spp. 
Borneo : 
Bedaru 
TJrandra sp. 
Billian 
Eusideroxylon zwageri. 
Ivapor 
Dryobalanops spp. 
Merbau 
Intsia balceri. 
Nibong 
Oncospernia spp. 
Rassak 
Vatica sp. 
Selangan batu 
Sliorea spp. 
Taruntum 
Lumnitzera littorea. 
the Malay Peninsula: 
Bedaru 
TJrandra sp. 
Billian wangi 
Palaquium obovatum. 
Ballau 
Parinarium o blongifo Hum . 
Bintangor 
Galophyllum spp. 
Gelam 
M ela leuca leucadendron . 
Kulim 
Scorodocarpus borneensis. 
Malabera 
Fagraea fastigiata. 
Merbau 
Intsia balceri. 
Penagali 
Mesua ferrea. 
Tampinis 
Sloetia sideroxylon. 
Tembusu 
Fagraea fragrans. 
