INDO-MALAYAN WOODS. 
439 
Singapore market in small Chinese junks; but, thus far, it has not 
begun to be exploited by modern methods. There should be excellent 
opportunities for one or more large companies on the island. 
JAVA. 
The original forests of Java have been very largely cleared. Plantation 
teak is the most important timber. 
BORNEO. 
The forests of Borneo are extensive and comparatively untouched. 
It is true that the billian is very well worked out in some sections; but 
the dipterocarps are found in very great quantity and of all grades. At 
present the chief obstacle to the development, of these forests is the 
distance from market and the meager facilities for transportation. As 
the demand for wood becomes greater, the transportation will surely be 
furnished and then the forests will be rapidly exploited. Borneo contains 
probably the most extensive and highly developed swamp forests in the 
world. These are now of comparatively little value; but they are sure 
to become of the first importance. 
DUTCH INDIES. 
The numerous islands of the Dutch East Indies are said, many of them, 
to contain valuable forests; but the nature and extent of these is largely 
a matter of guesswork. There is, however, a certain amount of export 
trade from the Dutch Indies in timbers which indicates that there may 
be extensive and valuable forests on some of the islands. 
PHILIPPINES. 
The exploitable forests of the Philippines comprise about 30,000,000 
acres, a very much smaller commercial forest area than that of Borneo, 
Sumatra or several other places, but it is only in the Philippines that 
modern methods of exploitation are employed. 
It is safe to say that there is a very great area of commercial forest 
in the tropical east, but it is by no means so great as many have supposed. 
Popular notions of dense jungle composed solely of valuable and ex- 
ploitable trees need to be revised. It is true that the jungle is dense 
enough and that there are many valuable trees, but there are also many 
inferior trees mixed in and the valuable ones are so scattered that there 
are few places where a profitable enterprise can be started, if it aims 
at only one wood or one small group of woods. 
VII. SPECIES NOTES . 
In the following notes it is aimed to give first the accepted common 
name in the Philippines, then the common names in the other countries, 
the distribution, structure and special properties, uses, and references to 
the principal literature. The common names for Indian, Burmese and 
