702 
WHITFORD. 
tree palms, epiphytic orchids and ferns, insectivorous plants, large lianas 
and the like are the main features of tropical forests, principally because 
these forms are not as a rule present in temperate regions and con- 
sequently are more apt to force themselves upon investigators from 
temperate regions. After all, these peculiar forms are only ornaments 
that a tropical climate permits. Stripped of their showy forms the 
tropical forests of the Philippines are more nearly like temperate forests 
than they are different from them. 
To measure the entire hulk of any forest is impracticable. It is 
therefore proposed to apply the methods used by lumbermen and foresters, 
viz, rough cruising and valuation surveys. 
While the measurement of the merchantable “bulk” of the forest is 
not by any means the entire bulk, yet for the purposes of this paper it 
can be used comparatively and will give a far better indication of what 
comprises the main bulk than merely indicating the number of trees and 
other plants. It may be objected that the measurement of trees of mer- 
chantable size gives undue importance to those reaching that size, and 
that if those species that do not reach merchantable size were measured, 
the proportion of the entire bulk would be greatly changed in favor of 
the smaller species. It must be remembered, however, that the large- 
sized species have small-sized unmeasured representatives and that the 
quantity of the latter in most instances would be as great as the entire 
bulk of the other species that do not reach merchantable sizes. Then 
the great amount of bulk in the branches of the large trees would add 
greatly to the bulk of the principal species. All things considered, it is 
believed that if the entire woody bulk of the forest could be measured 
the relative proportion of the principal family would be even, greater 
than that shown in the tables given below. 
In most of the discussions on the composition and volume given below 
no attempt is made to arrange the forests under discussion in “types.” 
That “types” do exist is without question, but a discussion of such types 
and their composition and volume is reserved for another paper. 
FORESTS 1 1ST BATAAN PROVINCE. 
In a previous paper 1 by the author the results of a quantitative analysis 
of the arboreal composition of a number of measured plots was given. 
In these no consideration of volume was taken other than that all trees 
under 4 meters in height were excluded. 
In order to give a more comprehensive idea of the volume, one 2 of 
these tables taken at random has been copied and then rearranged. 
Table I illustrates the complexity qualitatively and quantitatively. 
1 Whitford, FI. N. The Vegetation of the Lamao Forest Reserve. This Journal 
1 (1900) 373-431; 637-682. 
2 Loc. cit. 637, 638. 
