176 The Philippine Journal of Science 1921 
to expect. Almost on all sides zones of transition are reported, 
peopled by the offspring of the Kalinga’s intermarriage with 
his neighbors. It becomes thus difficult to treat of the Kalinga 
as of a unit without making almost at every step allowance for 
intermixture. Modern ethnographers like Worcester, Beyer, 
and Cole, who, after personal investigations on the spot, have 
first recognized a distinct and prominent tribal unit among the 
jumble of so-called “tribes” reported in Spanish times from the 
territory above defined, and who have fixed on that unit the 
name Kalinga, have found it necessary to subdivide this people 
into a number of groups according to admixture of blood, cul- 
ture, or dialect . 2 Beyer distinguishes the following groups: 
1. The pagan Gaddang. 
2. The Kalaua or Kalagua. 
3. The true Kalinga of the lower Saltan, Nabayugan, Bukao, and Ta- 
lifugu river valleys. 
4. The Balbalasang-Ginaang group. 
5. The Lubuagan-Sumadel group. 
6. The Mangali-Lubo group. 
Of these he says that in the present state of our knowledge 
this must be considered as a rough and tentative grouping 
only . 3 
The following items of information gathered by me from 
members of the Balbalasang-Ginaang group support the theory 
of a close relationship existing among the different Kalinga 
dialects. The Balbalasang people designate their speech as 
kainalingka, (Salegseg Kcnalingke.) At those occasions when 
the chiefs of the various townships constituting the subprovince 
of Kalinga meet at the capital Lubuagan to confer with the 
3 Cf. Worcester, The nen-Christian tribes of northern Luzon, Philip. 
Joum. Sci. 1 (1906) 791-805 and 818-826; also Fay-Cooper Cole, Distri- 
bution of the non-Christian tribes of northwestern Luzon, Am. Anthro- 
pologist 2 3 (1909). An older conception of the Kalinga is found in the 
following translated quotation from Blumentritt, Versuch einer Ethno- 
grapliie der Philippinen. Gotha (1882) 36: “According to Semper (Erd- 
kunde, X, 256) the name Calinga seems to be a collective designation 
of unknown signification since thus are called also all the pagans who 
inhabit the provinces of Isabela, Cagayan, and Nueva Vizcaya. I desig- 
nate here with this name that pagan Malayan tribe which lives in the 
same mountain stock as the Aripa, though only in its northern part, and 
goes especially by the name Calinga. But little is known of them.” 
3 Beyer, H. Otley, Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916. Manila 
(1917) 50-51. On page 43, in treating of the Ibanak, the author says: 
“At least one quite different dialect exists. This is known as the Itavi 
or Malaueg. The people speaking it are probably christianized Kalingas.” 
