i9 , 2 Wileman: Japanese Lepidoptera, VI 227 
Nawa 31 records the life-history of the species and gives figures 
of the larva in its fourth ? and fifth ? stages with and without 
these curious filaments which are seven in number, also of the 
pupa and of the female imago. The following description is 
taken from my original figure: 
Larva. — Fourth ? stage. Length, about 60 millimeters. 
Head black with a pattern of yellowish markings. Color pale 
whitish green, tinged with yellowish green patches subdorsally 
and laterally; a midlateral and spiracular series of black spots, 
streaks, and dashes; a suprapedal series of black elongated 
dashes situated on yellow patches; legs, prolegs, and claspers 
black, prolegs and claspers being dotted or streaked with white ; 
ventrum blackish; segment 3 (counting head as segment 1) 
bears two black, wirelike filaments, much contorted, about 26 
millimeters long; segment 4, two similar filaments of about 
equal length; segment 12 bears one similar, shorter, mediodorsal 
filament; the anal segment bears two filaments which are the 
shortest of the seven ; all the filaments are more or less contorted 
and vary in length with the individual larva. The full-grown 
larva after the fifth molt measures from 90 to 110 millimeters and 
changes to yellowish brown. Nawa states that when it reaches 
maturity it loses these seven filaments and that it burrows in the 
earth where it pupates. He does not say, however, whether it 
forms a cocoon in the earth. My Japanese collector informed 
me that it makes a hard, subterranean cocoon, but I have never 
investigated the matter and am therefore unable to say whether 
it forms a cocoon or not. Nawa further says : 
* * * there is only one brood in the year. The imago emerges in 
April Jat Gifu, Omi Province], the ova hatch in May, the larvse appear 
in May and June and the pupa passes the winter under ground until the 
following April. The larva feeds on nedzumu-mochi [ ( Ligustrum japonica 
Thunb.)] and ibotanoki [( Ligustrum ibota Siebold)]. 
Ibotanoki is also called yachi-tamo in Hakodate, Hokkaido. 
Sasaki 32 gives descriptions and figures of the larva, pupa, and 
male imago of Brahmsea japonica. He says: 
* * * the larva emerges about the middle of May and feeds upon 
nedzumi-mochi and ibotanoki. It is full grown by the middle of June 
and then pupates in the earth. It hibernates in the pupal stage and 
the imago emerges in April of the following year. 
81 Insect World (Konchu Sekai) 10 (1906) 415, pi. 11. 
82 Insects Injurious to Japanese Trees [Nihon Jumoku Gaichuhen (Jap.)] 
ed. 3 (1910), pt. 3, 132, pi. 225. 
