22 The Philippine Journal of Science isis 
severe and nontoxic; while those with moderately high fever, 
without complications, and not apparently poisoned, were classi- 
fied as mild. These classifications are, of course, more or less 
arbitrary and conventional. Classifications were made under 
these headings as follows: 
Table II. — Classification of cases of typhoid fever. 
Cases, 
Severe and toxic 
26 
Severe and nontoxic 
47 
Mild 
25 
Total 
98 
VAEIETY OF TREATMENT 
FOREIGN PROTEIN 
Bacteria, being composed of protoplasmic matter, are con- 
sidered to be protein substance. In fact, Robertson, (40) and 
Jobling, Petersen, and Eggstein, (17) have called this substance 
“bacterial protein.” My view is that any organism, living or 
otherwise, becomes foreign protein when introduced into the 
host. 
Typhoid fever, so far as I am aware, is the only disease in the 
treatment of which protein has been extensively employed. It 
has been used either in homologous or heterogenous forms. In 
the great majority of instances, however, vaccines in the form 
of foreign protein have been used. These consisted of either 
living sensitized organisms, dead sensitized organisms, or non- 
living nonsensitized organisms. Sensitized organisms are 
bacilli that have been treated with immune serum, while non- 
sensitized nonliving organisms are killed bacilli that have not 
been treated with immune serum. 
SENSITIZED, OR TREATED, VACCINE ADMINISTERED INTRAVENOUSLY 
Vaccine treatment dates from 1893. Eugene Fraenkel(7) was 
the pioneer in this field. He employed a vaccine of killed 
typhoid bacilli, subcutaneously administered, for therapeutic 
purposes in typhoid fever, and he claimed to have modified the 
course of the disease. His work received scant attention from 
early investigators. Nine years passed before reports of similar 
observations came from Petruschy (38) in 1902. Then followed 
the work of Pescarole and Quadrone(39) in 1908. Ichikawa, (15) 
in 1914, used the intravenous method of administration of living 
sensitized typhoid vaccine and secured excellent results. ■ His 
success awakened interest in this form of treatment; and since 
then, according to Gay and Chickering, (li) it has received care- 
ful trial at the hands of such leading investigators as Koranyi, 
