XIV , 2 Banks: Bloodsucking Insects of the Philippines 171 
forelegs into the flesh. These two operations undoubtedly cause 
an irritation, which serves to bring more blood to the spot, 
decidedly to the advantage of the louse. 
The manner of egg laying among the Pediculidae is particu- 
larly well adapted to the life of absolute parasitism which they 
lead. Each egg, when laid, is fastened at its lower end to a 
hair by means of a band of glue, which completely encircles 
the hair and makes it impossible to remove the egg without 
first “stroking” it to the end of the hair. The young insect 
upon hatching grasps the hair and is ready to begin its existence. 
In the case of the body louse {Pediculus corporis de Geer) , with 
which very fortunately the Philippines has not been infested dur- 
ing recent years, the eggs are fastened to the threads and seams 
of garments. The insects can only survive where woolen under- 
clothing is worn and not changed with sufficient frequency to 
conform to the laws of hygiene. The best development of this 
insect has been manifested in the war camps of Europe and 
especially among the troops and other inhabitants of Servia, 
where it was shown to be the vector of typhus fever. An in- 
structive account of the insect is given by Felt in his paper 
on household and camp insects.'^ The article gives the life 
history, habits, and means of control of this dangerous blood- 
sucking pest and contains an excellent bibliography of recent 
work done on it. 
In addition to the lice found upon man in the Philippines, 
several animals harbor their respective species. The carabao 
louse {Hxmatopinus tuherculatus WitzQch)^ is too well known 
to need detailed description. It is sometimes found on carabaos 
in such great numbers as seriously to affect their general 
well-being. We are by no means certain that they do not serve 
as a means of transmission of the dread rinderpest. Young 
carabao calves, having longer hair than adult animals, fre- 
quently become infested by these lice to such a degree as to 
make shaving the hair necessary in order to alleviate their 
suffering. Submergence by the carabao has little* or no per- 
manent effect upon the insects, as the egg, the nymph, and the 
adult appear to be able to withstand a considerable stay under 
water. On the adult carabao they congregate upon the jowl, 
the neck, the shoulders, and other parts not easily affected by 
rubbing processes, while on the calves they are much more 
generally distributed. 
* Bull. N. Y. State Mus. (1917), No. 194, 40 et seq. 
' Insecta Epizoa (1875), 46. 
