XIV, 3 Aguilar: The Lumhang-Oil Industry 283 
nut is dry the kernel shrinks somewhat, and it can be easily 
separated after cracking the shell. No banucalag kernels are 
being sold in the market, and the industry of lumbang banucalag 
at present is very limited. This may be due to two important 
reasons, namely : 
(1) The banucalag kernels when stored undergo a change, 
probably due to partial oxidation, as the result of which the oil 
becomes much more difficult to express and assumes a darker 
color. 
(2) The banucalag oil when expressed, unless kept in air-tight 
containers, becomes rancid and foul smelling. 
These facts constitute the main drawbacks to the production 
of lumbang banucalag oil ; but, if certain precautions are strictly 
followed, there is no doubt that the industry of lumbang banu- 
calag oil in connection with lumbang bato oil may become a 
profitable enterprise. 
Freshly gathered nuts, free from moisture, produce kernels 
of the best quality, and the yield of oil by expression at 800 
kilograms per square centimeter may be as much as 56 per cent 
of the weight of the kernels. This amount represents about 35 
per cent of the weight of the dry nuts, whereas the oil obtained 
from lumbang bato kernels represents only about 19 per cent. 
The banucalag oil so prepared is of very good quality, light amber 
in color, and altogether satisfactory in its physical and chemical 
properties. If the oil is placed in air-tight containers while 
fresh, it will keep longer and no appreciable change in its 
composition will be noticed. On the other hand, unshelled nuts 
that were kept for sixteen months underwent so great a change 
in their oil value that the yield by expression was reduced from 
56 per cent to 40 per cent of the weight of the kernel, and the 
oil was high in free fatty acids and much darker in color. The 
results obtained are shown in Table V. 
Table V. — Constants of banucalag oil. 
Oil expressed 
from the ker- 
nels of fresh 
nuts. 
Same oil 
after be- 
ing kept 
for 16 
months 
in a well- 
stopper- 
ed bottle. 
Oil expressed 
from the ker- 
nels of nuts 
stored in a sack 
in a cool dry 
place for 16 
months. 
Per cent of oil based on the weight of kernels 
56 
40 
Color of oil 
light amber 
amber 
dark amber 
Specific gravity at 15. 5° C - 
0. 9362 
0.9385 
0. 9441 
Saponification value 
19] 
192 
200 
Iodine value. 
166 
170 
160 
Acid value 
2.22 
5. 51 
49. 14 
