is, 6 Nanagas: Position and Size of Kidneys 697 
Table 1 . — Vertebral levels of the two kidneys in the two sexes. 
POSITION OF THE UPPPER POLE. 
Right kidney. 
Left kidney. 
Vertebral level. 
Male. 
Female. 
Male. 
Female. 
Cases. 
Per cent. 
Cases. 
Per cent. 
Cases. 
Per cent. 
Cases. 
Per cent. 
XI 
3 
16.6 
0 
0.0 
3 
16.6 
1 
6.2 
XI and XII 
1 
5.6 
1 
6.2 
6 
33,3 
4 
13.0 
XII 
11 
61.0 
7 
43.7 
6 
33.3 
6 
37.6 
XII and I - 
1 
5.5 
2 
12.5 
2 
11.1 
3 
18.7 
I 
1 
6.5 
5 
31.2 
0 
0.0 
2 
12.5 
I and II 
0 
0.0 
1 
6.2 
1 
5.5 
0 
0.0 
II 
1 
5.5 
0 
0.0 
0 
0.0 
0 
0.0 
POSITION OF THE LOWER POLE. 
Right kidney. 
Left kidney. 
V ertebral level. 
Male. 
Female. 
Male. 
Female. 
Cases. 
Per cent. 
Cases. 
Per cent. 
Cases. 
Per cent. 
Cases. 
Per cent. 
II 
1 
5.5 
1 
6.2 
1 
5.5 
1 
6.2 
II and III 
0 
0.0 
0 
0.0 
4 
22.2 
1 
6.2 
III 
9 
50.0 
7 
43.7 
9 
50.0 
8 
50.0 
Ill and IV 
4 
22.2 
5 
31.2 
2 
11.1 
2 
12.5 
IV 
1 
5.6 
1 
6.2 
2 
11.1 
2 
12.5 
IV and V 
2 
11.1 
0 
0.0 
0 
0.0 
2 
12.5 
V 
1 
5.6 
2 
12.5 
0 
0.0 
0 
0.0 
In 61 per cent of the male cases I found the right upper 
pole at the level of the twelfth dorsal vertebra, and in 33.3 per 
cent the left upper pole was either at the level of the twelfth 
thoracic vertebra or at the disk just above it. In both sides 
the next frequent levels were higher. 
In 43.7 per cent of the female cases the right upper pole 
was found at the level of the twelfth dorsal vertebra, and in 
37.5 per cent the left; in the other cases they were below these 
points. 
It will be seen, therefore, that the upper poles in the two 
sides reached a higher level in males than in females by half 
of one vertebra. 
LOWER POLES OF THE KIDNEYS 
The right renal pole in males was found in varying levels 
from the middle of the fifth lumbar vertebra to the middle 
