is, 6 Nanagas: Position and Size of Kidneys 699 
I found them opposite the twelfth and extending to the body 
of the third lumbar. This agrees with Addison’s (l) findings. 
I agree with Piersol’s(3) statement that the axial level of the 
two organs is subject to considerable variation, differing even 
in the two sides of the same individual. 
All authors consulted claimed that the right kidney was lower 
than the left in both sexes. This I have been able to confirm in 
79.4 per cent of my cases, though 11.7 showed reversed condi- 
tions. 
I further found that the male kidneys were correspondingly 
higher than the female, although in a few cases the lowest 
level in the female right lower pole was the same as in that 
of the male. 
As to measurements of the borders of the kidneys with rela- 
tion to the mid-dorsal line, I am sorry to be able to record data 
from only six cases; my results are tabulated below. 
Table 2 . — Distances of renal borders to mid-dorsal line of abdomen. 
MEDIAL SUPERIOR BORDER FROM MID-DORSAL. 
No. 
Male. 
Female. 
Right. 
Left. 
Right. 
Left. 
1... 
4.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.3 
cm. 
3.5 
3.2 
2.0 
3.3 
3.0 
3.0 
cm. 
2.0 
2.5 
2 
3 
4 
Average 
2.9 
2.2 
LATERAL INFERIOR BORDER FROM MID-DORSAL. 
No. 
Male. 
Female. 
Right. 
Left. 
Right. 
Left. 
1 
cm. 
8.2 
8.5 
10.0 
8.9 
cm. 
8.5 
8.5 
9.3 
8.8 
cm. 
7.2 
9.3 
cm. 
6.2 
8.1 
2 
Average 
8.2 
7.1 
We can deduce two general conclusions from the above table: 
1. That, regardless of sex, the right kidney is found further 
from the median plane than the left. 
2. That, in corresponding sides, it is found further from the 
median line in males than in females. 
Such findings are in accord with those of Cunningham, (2) 
and others. 
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