BIRDS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
103 
Family APHRIZID-ffl. Turnstones, Etc. 
Subfamily ARENARIINiH. Tuknstones. 
THE TURNSTONES. 
Two species of this subfamily, the common Turnstone and the Black Turnstone, 
are found in the United States. They breed commonly in the Arctic regions. The 
common Turnstone is abundant on the Atlantic coast during migrations. The Black 
Turnstone has never been observed on the Atlantic side, but is numerous on the 
Pacific coast “ from the Alentian Islands, south to Monterey, California.” The name, 
Turnstone, is derived from its curious habit of turning over small stones, etc., when 
scratching for food, consisting almost entirely of dififerent forms of aquatic insect- 
life. Both species, it is stated, nest on or near the sea beach, and deposit their eggs 
in slight depressions in the sand or shingle. The eggs, said to be two to four in 
number, are described as light olive, spotted or speckled all over with brown. 
Turnstones are rather small-sized birds, but, like a plover, robust in form. The head 
is small, neck short, wings long and pointed, and when folded reach almost to the 
end of the rather shortand very slightly rounded tail. Lower part of tibiae naked; legs 
short and stout; four toes, hind one well developed, and like the others has a sharp 
pointed and curved claw; anterior toes have no basal webs. The bill, shorter than 
the head, is stout, hard, much higher than wide, and tapers to a sharp point. Broad 
nasal fossae extend about half the length ol maxilla. The sexes are alike, but they 
vary considerably with age and season. 
Genus AE.ENAB.IA Brisson. 
Arenaria interpres (Linn.). 
Turnstone; Calico-Back; Calico-snipe, etc. 
D:^scription {Plate 82). 
Adult in spring . — Bill black; eyes brown; legs orange red; throat most of head 
above (except middle of crown, which is streaked with black and reddish) lower 
part of back, some upper tail-coverts, sides under surface of wings, lower part of 
breast, belly and under tail-coverts, white ; upper part of back and wings varied 
with black, brown and ferruginous. The greater wing. coverts and some secondaries 
are mostly white; upper part of breast, fore neck, broad patches under eyes; broad 
bars on ‘sides of neck, black. The young have colors much duller with little or no 
black or bright ferruginous. Length about 9^ inches; extent about 18^ ; bill little 
less than 1 inch. 
Habitat . — Nearly cosmopolitan. In America from Greenland and Alaska to the 
straights of Magellan; more or less common in the interior of North America on the 
shores of the great lakes and the larger rivers. Breeds in high northern latitudes. 
Specimens of this species have been obtained at Erie bay by Messrs. 
George B. Sennett and James Thompson, where this bird occurs much 
oftener during migrations than elsewhere in Pennsylvania. 
I have seen two or three Turnstones which were killed in the fall, after 
severe storms, in Philadelphia and Delaware counties. This species has 
also been observed about the shores of the Susquehanna by Senator 
Gerard C. Brown, York county, W. W. Stoey, Dauphin county, and Dr. 
A. C. Treichler, Lancaster county. 
