BIRDS OF PENNSYLVANIA 
163 
ber, althoug-li I have in several instances seen seven. The eg-g-s, accord- 
ing to my observation, are invariably deposited on the bare earth. Mr. 
Gentry, however, tell ns that he has “ in many instances known them to 
be deposited in a warm and cosy nest constructed of dried grasses and 
feathers.” Kingfishers feed almost entirely on fish. Their proficiency 
in catching small fish is such that they are in bad repute among the 
owners and proprietors of trout and carp ponds. Two gentlemen of my 
acquaintance were so greatly annoyed by the loss of gold-fish and trout, 
which had been sustained from the regular visits of several pairs of these 
birds, that they adopted the following means for their destruction : 
Stake^ were driven down about the ponds in several ]3laces ; the tops of 
the stakes were sufficiently large to support steel-traps, which were set, 
but not baited. The birds on visiting the ponds would invariably fly to 
one of the stakes and alight. In less than one week ten or twelve king- 
fishers were in this way trapped and killed. A friend of mine, some few 
years ago, informed me that he caught one of these birds on a hook and 
line, while fishing in the Brandywine, near Chadd’s Ford. My infor- 
mant said he had a live bait (minnow) on his hook, and as he was wind 
ing up his line on the reel, he saw a kingfisher plunge into the water 
at his bait, which it not only caught, but at the same time hooked 
and entangled itself so that it could not escape. One day B. M. 
Everhart found a kingfisher lying on the bank of a small stream. On 
making an investigation, Mr. Everhart ascertained that the bird was 
unable to fly, as its bill was tightly clasped in the grasp of a large fresh- 
water mussel. I have heard of two or three instances where kingfishers 
have been captured under similar circumstances, which would naturally 
lead one to suppose that they feed to a limited degree on the flesh of 
these bivalves. 
According to certain writers, this species is said to feed occasionally, 
though rarely, on insects. Mr. E. A. Samuels states that he once shot 
a kingfisher which had just seized a mouse {Arvicola). 
The stomach contents of fourteen kingfishers examined by myself are 
given in the following table: 
No. 
Date. 
Locality. 
,Fooj)-Materials. 
1 
Feb. 3, 1879 
Chester county. Pa 
Remains of fish. 
2 
Feb. 20, 1879, 
Newark, Del., 
Remains of fish. 
3 
June 11, 1880 
Chester county. Pa., 
Remains of fish. 
4 
Aug. 20, 1880, 
Chester county. Pa., 
Remains of fish. 
0 
Mar. 3, 1881 
Chester county, Pa., 
Remains of fish. 
6 
Apr. 26, 1881, 
Chester county. Pa 
Remains of fish. 
7 
Sept. 11, 1881 
Chester county. Pa 
Remains of fish. 
8 
Nov. 28, 1882 
Chester county. Pa., 
Remains of fish. 
9 
Apr. 20, 1882, 
Chester county. Pa. , 
Remains of fish. 
10 
May 30. 1882 
Chester county. Pa., 
Remains of fish. 
11 
Aug. 27. 1883 
Delaware county. Pa 
Remains of fish. 
12 
Apr. 1. 1884 
Chester county. Pa., 
Remains of fish. 
13 
July 20, 1885 
Chester county. Pa., 
Remains of fish. 
14 
Dec. 3, 1889 
Dauphin county. Pa 
Fish scales and bones 
