BIEDS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
203 
The crow, readily recogriized by its large size and glossy black plum- 
age, is a common resident of Pennsylvania during all months of the 
year. This species ranges throughout different portions of North 
America, but is found chiefly in the eastern United States. In this lo- 
cality the crow" commences nest-building in the latter part of April ; 
both sexes engage in this work which is completed in from three to five 
days. The nest, a very bulky structure, measuring about 20 inches in 
diameter and 10 inches in depth, is made up of sticks, twdgs, bark, leaves, 
etc. It is built usually in an oak, chestnut or other tree, in an unfre- 
quented woods ; nests are sometimes placed in low trees or bushes in 
cedar thickets. The eggs vary greatly in size and color ; four to six in 
number ; length about 1.65 by 1.19 inches in width ; light-greenish, 
spotted brown and black with purplish tints. The note of this well- 
knowm bird is a loud harsh cdiv. During the early spring, fall and w"in- 
ter months this species is gregarious ; flocks numbering from fifty to 
several hundred individuals are frequently observed scattered over the 
fields, meadows, along the highways, or in the woods searching for food. 
At night these birds resort in great numbers to favorite roosting-places, 
such as pine forests or cedar thickets. In the late spring and summer, 
crowds are particularly destructive to young poultry, the eggs and young of 
small birds, and frequently nests of the domestic fowls, especially guineas 
and tm*keys that often wander to a considerable distance from the farm 
house to lay, are also pillaged. These birds, as every farmer is well 
aw"are, commit more or less mischief in the cornfields. 
Although the crow wdll rob the nest of any small bird which he can 
get at, the nests of the Pobin, Wood Thrush, Catbird and Dove are the 
ones I have usually seen disturbed. The injury which the crow occa- 
sions by his egg-sucking, bird-devouring habit is, it is affirmed by emi- 
nent authorities, more than compensated for by the large numbers of 
noxious insects and mammals which he devours. Twelve of these birds 
taken in winter and examined by me had in their stomachs only vegeta- 
ble materials, viz : Corn, oats, acorns, small seeds and berries. Prom 
such limited investigations I am unable to say whether the crow is a 
friend or an enemy to the farmer. 
The following extract is taken from Prof. W. B. Barrow’s report : * 
Summary of Evidence From all Sources. 
It appears, therefore, from a careful consideration of all testimony, published and 
unpublished, that — 
I. Crows seriously damage the corn crop, and injure other grain crops usually to 
a less extent. 
II. They damage other farm crops to some extent, frequently doing much mis- 
chief. 
III. They are very destructive to the eggs and young of domestic fowls. 
IV. They do incalculable damage to the eggs and young of native birds. 
* Annual report of the U. S. Dept, of Agri., 1888. Food of Crows, by Walters. Barrows. S. B.. Assis- 
sistant Ornithologist. 
