BIRDS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
327 
This Hermit Thrush is the most abundant of all the thrushes except 
the American Kobin. During the spring- and fall migrations this bird 
is much more abundant than at other times. During mild winters a few 
of these thrushes are seen in sheltered localities in the southern parts 
of our state. This species, it is stated, breeds sparingly in some of our 
higher mountainous districts. 
Genus MERULA Leach. 
Merula migratoria (Linn.). 
American Robin. 
Description {Plate 49 , old and yoking). 
Length about 9^ ; extent about 16 inches ; bill yellow, upper mandible tipped with 
black ; iris brown ; legs and feet brownish ; above plain grajdsh, blackish on head, 
tail and sides of neck ; lower parts reddish-brown, paler in female ; lower part of 
belly, anal region and under tail-coverts white ; some specimens have under tail- 
coverts spotted with grayish-brown ; outer tail feathers tipped with white ; young 
are spotted above and below. 
Habitat. — Eastern North America to Rocky mountains, including eastern Mexico 
and Alaska. Breeds from near the southern border of the United States northward 
to the Arctic coast ; winters from southern Canada and the Northern states (irregu- 
larly) southward. 
This familiar bird is abundant throughout the state during the spring, 
summer and autumn. In the winter months it is not uncommon to find 
small flocks about cedar thickets, swamps and other well-sheltered lo- 
calities, especially in the southern parts of the state. At times, other 
than when breeding, Robins are gregarious. Late in the summer and 
autumn they collect in good-sized flocks and repair every evening to 
some favorite roosting resort, where they are found ofteri in company 
/ with Cowbirds and Purple Grackles. The Robin seems in no way par- 
ticular about the site selected for its bulky nest of mud, leaves, dried 
grasses, etc. Although it usually builds in a tree, it frequently nests 
under an overhanging bank along the roadside, or under a porch, and 
occasionally on fence-rails. In May, 1880, a friend of mine found, near 
West Chester, a nest of this bird built on the ground in the middle of a 
woods, and concealed by May-apple plants. The eggs, usually four or 
five in number, are light bluish-green, and measure about 1.16 long by 
.79 wide. With us at least two broods are raised each season. By 
farmers and fruit growers the Robin is very generally regarded as a nui- 
sance, because of his fondness for various small fruits. The following 
notes and remarks on the food, it is hoped, will suffice to show that this 
species is at least somewhat beneficial to the agriculturist and pomolo- 
gist, even though it will, at certain periods of the year, subsist largely 
on a fruit diet : In the early part of June, 1879, twenty -three Robins were 
captured, on the same date, in East Bradford, Pa. The birds were 
