416 
BIRDS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
G. 
Gallina'ceous. — Belonging to the Order Oallinece ; having the nature of the domes- 
tic fowl. 
Gape. — The opening of the mouth. 
Gastrse'um. — The whole under part of a bird. 
Gen' era. — Plural of Genus. 
Gener'ic. — Pertaining to a Genus. 
Ge'nus. — An assemblage of species, or a single species, constituting a taxonomic 
group of value next below that of the family. 
Gib'bose. ) 
Gib'bous. 3 Swollen ; protuberant. 
Gibbos'ity. — A swelling or protuberance. 
Glau'cous. — A whitish-blue color, like the “ bloom ” of a cabbage-leaf. 
Go'nys. — The keel or lower outline of the maxilla or lower mandible, from the tip 
to the point where the rami begin to diverge. 
Gorg'et. — Throat-patch, distinguished by color or texture of the feathers. 
A graduated tail has the middle feathers longest, the rest succes- 
sively shorter; the difference in length^ not so great, however, 
as in a cuneate tail. 
An arbitrary and artificial group of the older classifications, in- 
cluding the wading birds. 
Grani V ' or ous. — Seed-eating. 
The most posterior series of wing-coverts, or those which 
immediately overlay the base of the secondaries ; hence 
often very appropriately called Secondary coverts. 
Ground-color (in oology). — The color of the general surface of the egg-shell, as dis- 
tinguish ed^from its markings. 
Gu'la. — The throat. 
Gu'lar. — Pertaining to the throat. 
Gut'tate. — Drop-shaped or tear-shaped. 
Grad'uated. 
Grad'uate. 
Grallato'res. 
Grallato'rise. 
Greater Coverts. 
Greater Wing-coverts. 
H. 
Hab'itat. — Locality or region frequented by a species ; its geographical distribution. 
HalTux. — In birds possessing four toes, the hinder one is the hallux, no known bird 
having four toes directed forwards. In some birds, as certain plovers, the bus- 
tards ( Otididoi) Struthiones^ etc., the hallux or hind toe is wanting. In three- 
toed birds having two toes in front and one behind, the hallux is usually the 
one wanting, the hind toe being in reality the fourth (or outer) toe reversed. 
When the toes are in pairs (two before and two behind) the hallux is usually 
the inner of the hinder pair, the exception being in the Trogans ( Trogonidm). 
The hallux reaches its best development in the Passers, the Accipitres, Striges, 
and Ballidce, but more especially in the first, in which it is usually as strong, 
if not stronger, than the largest of the anterior toes. 
Has'tate. — Spear-head shaped. 
Ha'zel. — An orange-brown color, like the shell of a hazel-nut or filbert. 
Hel'met. — A naked shield or protuberance on the top or fore part of the head. 
Herodio'nes. — A natural group of altricial warders, embracing the storks, wood- 
ibises, spoonbills, boatbills and herons. 
Hind-neck. — Crevix. 
Hoar'y. — Of a pale silvery-gray. 
Hood'ed. — Having the head conspicuously different in color from the rest of the 
plumage. 
Hor'notine. — Yearling ; a bird of the year. 
Hu'merus. — The upper arm bone ; or, the whole of the upper arm. 
Hy'brid. — Cross between two species; mongrel. 
Hy'oid. — Properly, pertaining to the os hyoides, or tongue bone, but frequently 
applied with reference to the tongue itself. 
