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422 BIUDS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
Toothed like a saw. 
Ser rate. 
Ser'rated. 
Seta ceous. — Bristly ; bristled. 
Sex ual. — Pertaining to sex. 
Shaft. — The mid-rib of a feather. 
Shank. — Properly the shin or tibial segment of the leg. 
Side of Neck. — The space included between the cervix and the jugulurn. 
Sides. — The lateral portions of the inferior surface of a bird’s body, extending from 
near the armpits to and including the flanks. The sides are subdivisible into 
(1) sides of breast, (2) sides proper, and (3) flanks. 
Slate codor. — A. dark gray, or blackish gray color, less bluish in tint than plumbe- 
ous or lead color. 
Spe cies. — Aggregate of individuals related by genetic succession without notable 
change of physical characters whereby they are distinguished from all other 
beings. 
Specific. — Of, or relating to a species ; as specific name, specific character. 
Spcc'ulum. — Mirror; brightly colored area on the secondaries, especially of certain 
ducks. 
Spher'ical. — Having the form of a sphere or globe. 
Spi'iiose. 
Spi'nous. 
Spii'rious. — False; imperfect; bastard; rudimentary. 
Spu rious Pri'mary. — The first primary when much reduced in size. 
Spu'rious Wing. — The alula or bastard wing. 
Squam'ose. 
Squam'ous. 
Stage. — Used specially for the progressive plumages of birds, as the adult stage, 
downy stage, etc. 
Stegaiiopo'des. — A group of “Swimming Birds” characterized by having the hind 
toe united, on the inner side, to the inner anterior one by a full web. 
Strag'ulum. — Mantle; back and folded wings taken together. Same pallium. 
Straw-col'or. — A very light impure yellow, like cured straw. 
Stri ate. ^ Streaked. 
Stri'ated. ) 
Stri' dent. — Shrill. 
Having spines. 
I Scaly ; 
scale like. 
Sub-ba'sal. — Near the base. 
Subfain'ily. — A sub-division of a family including one or more genera. 
Subge'nus. — A sub-division of a genus, of indefinite value, and frequently not rec- 
ognized by name except in the grouping of species. 
Sub-or'der. — A group intermediate in taxonomic rank between an order and a 
family. 
Sub-spe'cies. — A nascent species; a variation, usually geographical, of a species, 
but not accorded full specific rank on account of the incompleteness of its dif- 
ferentiation ; hence, usually a geographical race or form. 
Subulate. — Awl-shaped. 
Sul phur Yel'low. — A very pale pure yellow color, less orange in tint than dilute 
gamboge or lemon-yellow. 
Superciliary. — Above the eye. 
Suiierior'. — Lying over, above or uppermost. 
Supra-auri'cular. — Situate above the auriculars. 
Supralo'ral.— Situate above the lores. 
Su'pra-or'bital. — Situate over the orbit. 
Syn onym. — A different word of the same or similar meaning. Also written syn~ 
onyme. 
Synoii'ymous — Expressing the same meaning in different terms. 
Synon ymy. — A collection of synonyms. 
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