THE FLORA OF MANILA. 
179 
Mexico was chiefly by annual galleons, it is certainly safe to 
assume that there was more communication between the Philip- 
pines and the neighboring countries in the Orient than between 
the Philippines and America, so that if in that time more than 
100 species were introduced from America, we might reasonably 
expect that as many more of Oriental origin would be introduced 
during the same period. In this connection it is curious to note 
that many of our common weeds, both of American and of 
Oriental origin, have no standard names in the local dialects, but 
that many of them are known by Spanish names, or by corrup- 
tions of Spanish names. 
The great majority of the species found in and about Manila 
are the characteristic ones of the open country, weeds of culti- 
vation, etc., that are dominant in the settled areas at low alti- 
tudes throughout the Archipelago, few being rare or of local 
occurrence. Very many of these plants, considerably over one- 
half, must have originated in treeless countries, or at least in 
regions where only scattered trees existed, for they cannot persist 
in a thickly forested region. Many have doubtless originated 
in regions that have been more or less under cultivation from very 
ancient times, and have thus become adapted to the environment 
of cultivation. 
Table II . — Summary of species represented in the Manila flora that are of 
pantropic distribution, ivith indications of their condition of growth 
here, and their origin. 
Families, genera, and species. 
Natural distri- 
bution. 
Purposely intro- 
duced. 
Accidentally in- ' 
troduced. 
! 
Cultivated. | 
Spontaneous. 
American origin. 
Oriental or Euro- i 
pean origin. j 
Origin doubtful 
or unknown. 
Polypodiaceae: 
Dryopteris parasitica 0. Ktze. 
X 
X 
X 
Nephrolepis cordifolia Presl 
X 
X 
X 
MprvhmlprjiQ flnppicrprn IWnorp 
X 
X 
X 
Nephrolepis hirsutula Presl 
X 
X 
X 
Ceropteris calomelanos Und. 
X 
X 
X 
Adiantum macrophyllum Sw 
X 
X 
X 
Adiantum tenerum Sw 
X 
X 
X 
Adiantum trapeziforme L 
X 
X 
X 
Adiantum philippense L. 
X 
X 
X 
1 Adiantum caudatum L. 
X 
X 
X 
Acrostichum aureum L. 
X 
X 
X 
Pteris longifolia L. 
X 
X 
X 
Pteris quadriaurita L 
X 
X 
X 
Pteris biaurita L. _ 
X 
X 
X 
Parkeriacbae: 
Ceratopteris thalictroides Brongn 
X 
X 
X 
