THE FLORA OF MANILA. 
193 
chewing; bread fruit (Artocarpus communis Forst.), and the 
jak fruit (A. integrifolia L. f,), for food; amaranths (Ama- 
ranthus gangeticus L., A. caudatus L.), for ornamental purposes 
and food; “libato” (Basella rubra L.), for food; champaca (Mi- 
chelia champaca for its fragrant flowers; siempre viva 
{Bryophyllum pin7iatum Kurz), for medical purposes; horse 
radish tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.), for food and medicine; 
sappan {Caesalpinia sappan L.), for dyeing; the tamarind {Ta- 
marmd'us indica L.), for food; indigo {Indigofera tmctoria L.), 
for dye; “caturay” {Sesbania gra7idiflora Pers.), for its edible 
flowers and its resinous exudation; the pigeon pea {Cajanus 
cajan Merr.), for food; the cow pea (Vigna sesquipedalis L.), 
for food; the asparagus pea {Psopho carpus tetragonolobus DC.), 
for food; “batao” (Dolichos lablab L.), for food; the mungo 
{Phaseolus radiatus L.), for food; various citrus fruits, such 
as the pomelo {Citrus decumana Murr.), the lime (C. lima 
Liman.) , and varieties of the orange (C. am-antium L.) , for food ; 
the santol (Sa^idoricum koetjape Merr.), for food; the lansone 
{Lansi'um domesticum Jack), for food; some euphorbias (E. 
tirucalli L.), for medicine; “iba” {Cicca disticha L.), for food; 
crotons {Codiaeum variegatum Blume), for ornamental pur- 
poses; castor oil plant (Ricmus communis L.), for medicine; 
croton oil plant {Croton tiglium L.) , for medicine and for poison- 
ing fish; balsam {Impatiens balsamina L.), for medicine and 
for ornamental purposes; cotton {Gossypium sp.), for textile 
purposes; silk cotton tree {Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.) for its 
fibrous floss; various Eugenias {E. jambolana Lam., E. malac- 
censis L., E. jambos L., and E. javanica L.), for food; “papua” 
{Nothopanax fi-uticosum Miq.), for medicine and for ornamental 
purposes; jasmine {Sasmmum sambac Ait.), for its fragrant 
flowers; “solasi” {Ocimum basilicum L., and O. sanchim L.), 
for condiments; sesame {Sesamum orientate L.) for its oily 
seed; the bottle gourd {Lagenaria leucantha Rusby), for food; 
the sponge gourd {Luija cylindrica Roem. and L. acutangula 
Roxb.), for food; the “condol” {Benincasa hispida Cogn.), for 
food; and the “ampalaya” {Momordica charantia L.) for food. 
From an examination of the above list it will readily be seen 
that a great number of species were purposely introduced in 
prehistoric times from various parts of the East, chiefly through 
Malaya, for one reason or another, usually for their food value 
or for other reasons of economic importance. It is quite certain 
that none of the species enumerated above are natives of the 
This may have been introduced later by the Spaniards. 
