PHILIPPINE WOODS. 353 
In addition to tlie ones already mentioned, the following sources of 
information have been used : 
Roth and Fernow. Timber. Bui. Bur. of Forestry, U. S. Dept, of 
Agriculture (1895), 10 . 
Gamble, J. 8. A Manual of Indian Timbers. London (1902). 
Janssonius, II. II. Mikrographie des Holzes. Leiden (1906) . 
Each of the American, foresters of the Philippine Forest Service has 
aided the writer with material and observations. Special acknowledg- 
ments,, however, are due Dr. H. N. Whitford and H. M. Curran, of the 
Bureau of Forestry, for their constantly helpful observations and the 
large amount of material furnished by them for the study of different 
woods. The field notes of Mr. J. R. Hillsman, of the Bureau of Internal 
Revenue, have also been of service. 
II. GENERAL DISCUSSION. 
1. STRUCTURE. 
(a) GROSS MORPHOLOGY OP WOOD. 
Classes of wood. — All woody plants may be grouped according to 
their stem structure and botanical relationships as Pteridophytes , Mo- 
nocotyledons (Endoyens) , and Exogens. 
Pteridophytes . — The hard tissue is scattered in large, irregular bun- 
dles through the stem; the latter is uneven, being made up of soft and 
very hard material. Tree ferns are included in this class; they do not 
come into the market, but the trunks of certain species are used locally 
in Benguet and elsewhere in northern Luzon as posts for houses. 
Monocotyledons or Endogens . — The wood is composed of scattered, 
small bundles of hard, woody tissue, the interspaces being filled with 
soft tissue. This group includes the bamboos, palms, pandans, etc. 
Bamboos. — No work on the woods of the Philippine Islands would be com- 
plete without some mention being made of the bamboos which furnish so large 
a part of the structural materials of the Archipelago. Several different species 
are used, but they all agree in having the peculiar monocotyledonous structure 
already described, modified by the stem being hollow and jointed. They also con- 
tain a considerable proportion of silica. 
The palms do not have jointed stems and are not hollow, but the central part 
of the stem is usually very soft and brittle. From the outer part, which is very 
hard and which will take a high polish, canes, bows, and other articles are made. 
Palma brava ( Livistona spp.) and the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) are 
the ones most used. Some palm stems are also suitable for the manufacture of 
small ornamental pillars, where the top and bottom are- not exposed to the air, 
and where the defective nature of the inner part of the stem is not displayed. 
Palms are also to some extent used for flooring and for corner posts of houses. 
The bejucos and rattans (Calamus, Daemonorops) also belong in this group, but 
as they occur in such small dimensions they are not considered in this paper. 
The pandans or screw pines (Pandanus spp.) are widely distributed through- 
out the Archipelago. They are from a number of different species of the genus 
Pandatnus. 
