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COPELAND. 
well-differentiated groups within Tectaria. In a family it is necessary, 
for the sake of identification, to refer these undifferentiated members to 
genera, as, in Polypodiacese, to Dryopteris, or Athyrium or Acrophorus, 
but within a genus a forced classification would serve no purpose. 
The Philippine species apparently too primitive for any finer classi- 
fication than as Tectarice, are T. devexa and T. calcarea. T. am- 
bigua is apparently isolated in the Philippines, but is a relative of T. 
gigantea. ( Aspidium Blume, Enumeratio 159, 1828.) I regard it as 
also a likely relative of Stenosemia. 
The better differentiated and understood groups are : 
a. Cicutarice. — Frond in the more generalized forms decompound; as 
in T. angusiius (Christ, Sagenia, Bull. Herb. Boiss 6 (1906) 165) and 
T. cicutaria (Linnaeus Poly podium, Syst. Nat. 2 , p. 1326, 1759) of the 
American tropics, and T. malayensis. T. latifolia (Forst., Poly podium, 
Prod. 83, 1786) and T. melanocaulon belong in this group, and retain 
the dissected fronds. A simplification of the fronds is evident in T. 
angelicifolia {Poly podium, Schum. Vid. Selsk. Afh. 4 (1827) 228) and 
has gone further in T. Hippocrepis {Polypodium, Jacq. Collect. 3 (1789) 
816), T. apiifolia {Aspidium Schkuhr 1809), and in our T. Christii. 
b. 1. Crenata. — Simply pinnate plants with indusiate sori in regular 
rows parallel to main veins. The several supposed Philippine species 
seem safely referable to one, T. crenata. 
b. 2. Trifoliatee-Polymorphce. — A group whose common ancestry with 
the preceding is probably not exceedingly remote. Fronds less cut and 
more ample; indusia mostly fugacious. Sori in regular rows in Trifo- 
liatce; T. trifoliata Cav., T. subtriphylla {Poly podium Hook. & Arn. 
Bot. Beech. Voy. 256, 1838-40), and T. siifolia. Sori scattered in Poly- 
morphoBj T. Menyantliidis (not improbably, though not intimately, 
related to T. crenata ), T. Barberi, T. polymorpha , and T. irrigua, and 
T. Labrusca {Poly podium, Hooker. Sp. Fil. 5 (1863) 73) ; these stand 
here in the probable order of their differentiation, the most ancestor-like 
first. The group is specialized in adaption to a moist, still habitat, as 
in gorges. American representatives are T. Plumierii {Aspidium Presl. 
Eel. Haenk. 29, 1825), a near relative of T. trifoliata, and T. martinicense 
{Aspidium Spr. Anleitung 3 (1804) 133). The Polymorpha; of America 
and the Old World have very likely been derived separately, and might 
well be regarded as distinct minor groups. 
c. 1. Decurrentes. — Coarse ferns, with the rachis mostly or entirely 
winged, the main veins prominent and the sori in regular rows. T. 
grandifolia, T. decurrens. T. draconoptera {Aspidium, Eaton, Mem. Am. 
Acad. II, 8 (1860) 211) is an American fern intermediate between this 
group and the Vaster . 
