2 
THE MALAYSIAN UNGULATES. 
In Malaysia the Tapir anti Rhinoceros represent the 
Odd-toed Ungulates, while the Pig. Deer. Oxen ami Goat re- 
present the Even- toed Ungulates- The Elephant is placed in 
a separate Sub-Order known as the Proboscid-ea, on account of 
its proboscis or trunk. 
To attain greater running powers it is obvious that the 
lengthening of the five toes is not enough; a strengthening 
development also is necessary. This is attained by reducing 
the number of toes and strengthening those that remain. If 
the five toes were lengthened only, there would naturally he 
the danger of fracture. The strengthening therefore of the 
reduced number of toes, together with their encasement in 
'hoofs, obviates this difficulty and at the same time results in a 
singularly perfect limb for the purpose required, 
Starting from a five-toed type that walked partly on 
the sob's of its feet — a u plantigrade ” type— it is possible to 
trace the evolution of Iroth groups to the present day forms 
that walk entirely on the tips of the toes — a ■* digitigrade 93 
type. In the Odd-toed Sub-Order, the third toe develops while 
the first disappears, followed by the fifth, leaving only the 
third supported by the second and fourth. This is the stage 
reached by the Rhinoceros of to-day and the extinct three-toed 
Horse of the Pliocene. The modern horse has advanced still 
further, having lost both the second and fourth toes, leaving 
the remaining third toe alone but considerably strengthened. 
In the other type the third and fourth toes develop sym- 
metrically, while the first disappears, followed by the second 
and fifth. An intermediate stage is seen in the Pig where the 
second and fifth toes still persist in a small, reduced state, 
while the third and fourth have developed considerably. In 
the Deer and Oxen a general fusion of the metacarpaJs and 
metatarsals has taken place resulting in single strong bones 
terminating in the two- toed feet; the second and fifth toes also 
remain but m a more reduced state. In the Camel they dis- 
appear entirely. 
The Ungulates have no collar-bones. Generally they are 
herbivorous animals; large in size; many species with horns. 
Teeth. 
Teetli are regarded by zoologists as of great importance as 
an aid to classification. The general type of mammalian 
dentition is expressed by the following formula: — 
