GEOLOGY. 
47 
Concluding Summary. 
c °Hection of Dr. Stoliczka’s geological notes on the countries traversed during his 
and'w^ WaS ^Aroduced by a brief account of his previous geological work in the Himalayas 
inf <>S ! mi ^ may most fitly he concluded hy a general sketch of the additional 
ormation which he has obtained in the countries north of those explored in earlier years. 
M ' 1S cx I^ 01 ’ations in his last journey extended over portions of Northern Ladak, of the 
til Tp' 1 01 " ^- ara koram, Kuenluen, Pamir, and Karatagh ranges, the last being a part of 
vail! . . Shan- He also examined the plains of Yarkand and Kashghar, and the upper 
a , eys of the streams which form the source of the Oxus or Amu. The notes on Kashmir, 
p _° n thc Indus valley west of Leh, although interesting and affording some addition to our 
knowledge of the geology, do not touch on fresh ground, or add more than details to 
lat was known before. Each of the other areas demands a few notes separately.. 
of lu - Ladak range, north of the Indus, proved, so far as it was examined, to consist entirely 
w* orphic rocks, principally syenitic gneiss. The same formations extend to the north- 
ar . to the western end of thc Pankong lake, and, so far as is known, throughout the greater 
chi' l0n Changchenmo, Shayok, and Nubra valleys, passing in places into a greenish 
to p ° rock ’ more or less schistose. These metamorphic rocks are believed by Dr. Stoliczka 
and ° ° £ Silui ’ iai1 a 8 e - In the northern portion of the valleys named beds of dark shales 
fo' ..f'^hstones are met with, probably belonging to the carboniferous series: they areun- 
as S1 ! !' roils ’ hut agree with rocks of that age in Spiti and elsewhere, and they are succeeded, in 
w ^ nc n § °vder, by fossiliferous triassic limestones, red and grey in colour, with dark shales ; 
are s the crest of the Karakoram pass, and some of the smaller hills immediately south of it, 
jq composed of liassic rocks, containing fragmentary JBelemnites. At one spot alone near 
a | lr "’ hi the Changchenmo valley, sandstones and conglomerates of comparatively recent 
tion ec observed, which are perhaps tertiary, and may belong to the same eocene forma- 
as the rocks in the Indus valley near Leh. 1 
ran cp, 6 Vall( Y °1 the Upper Yarkand river between the Mast&gh (Karakoram) and Kue uen 
** ( ' 0ns ists°f metamorphic and sub-mctamorphic schists and slates, reddish calcareous 
bv^U ° ne> arL( t S Te y limestones, all unfossiliferous. The schists and slates are considere 
sto ! Stoliczka as probably silurian ; the other rocks, carboniferous. Some triassic lime- 
^ ( 'oh' S are ^ ou:il( t on the northern slopes of the Karakoram pass ; and at Aktagh some lecent- 
ar g'illaceous beds were noticed, perhaps tertiary, 
wo. sections across the Kuenluen were examined — one, on the Karakash river, the Suge 
and 
San i u passes; the other, further west by the Yangi Diwan. On the former route the 
J r«ooc», me omer, iuriner yvcsl uy me - — — 
schisfi P ° rtion ^hc range consists of syenitic gneiss, associated with various forms ^ of 
s > with some of which nale-green jade is associated. On the more western route the 
sanaa metamorphic rocks 
, — e— e lueics are found, but the syenitic gneiss is less developed, and there is a 
g 6at of greenstone. 
011 older e |'! U ! nino ° an< l Kashmir, p. 343) has noticed the occurrence of hippuritic limestone (cretaceous) resting 
Karakoram limestoile (? palasozoic) in the Lokzhung range, north of the Lingzi-thung plain and east hy ~ — 
°f which a, P 8S ’ tlle sar| ie work there is an excellent account of the extraordinary high plateaus of northern a a , 
Appear to be of lacustrine 
uncon form ably 
hy south of the 
