5 
KARAKORAM STONES, OR SYRINGOSPMRIM. 
there , U ^ P r ^ ec ^ ons > whether mammilated, wart-like, papillate, tuberculate or granular. 
larkin',! n ^ ar '^ n S s t° he seen which are of two kinds. On the top or centrally are circular 
They""* 
Tr ^ Qc,S ’ ^ ew 01 ‘ many, which on careful examination turn out to be the openings of tubes. 
inters ^ °Y cn Ver y minute, and their caliber is smaller than that of the tubes 
erm - lCes 3 ust alluded to. On the sides, and converging to the margins of the 
seen in the 
top of the 
e ttUnence yyL1 L11 ^ oiuch, emu cuuvei^'jjjLy lu nit? mctigiiLb ui nit? tup ui tnu 
and hip Y aiG rLume rous close, straight lines, usually continuous, but sometimes wavy, broken 
of Co GEl e ‘ They are, according to the condition of the fossil, either the preserved calcite 
These t 1 bU1 ^ ^ u ^ )e interspaces, or they may be the walls of the tubes themselves, or both, 
between th ^ Eace ^ 011 the surface to be continuous with some of those of the spaces 
In Diai ' G i >ro i ne ti° us > to appear from within the fossil and to run up outside the eminences, 
in ^ llls tances they open, finally, at the surface around those smaller ones which appear 
^centre of the top. 
ODpii .,n"° niG bums, especially where the eminences are broad and low, these converging tubes 
^ °ver the projection. 
the or j. 1 ? eYlc ^ en t that the projections, whether they are simple or compound, arc made up of 
them • fi ° S °* tube openings, and of calcite which fills up the interspaces between 
Di arn ’ .. ere being much bifurcation and side inosculation of the tubes also. The projections, 
^ kfr ° r . 8“™^ 
skeW 11 "dation between these 
wton exists. 
rpi 
ar e f e pores are spaces in the superficial interradial tubulations, but in rare instances they 
. 01 md elscwU,™,. mi i i i i* j.1, • •„ 
or granulate tube openings and convergings belong to a radial tube series, 
eminences to an interradial series. No coenenchyma or 
^thinby 
it - * 
elsewhere. They are surrounded and limited at their margin by tubes bounded 
Th Y .°^ G1S ’ an( I their shallow floor has the outward openings of deeply-seated tubes on 
seefi ii^fi Emotion between the interradial tube reticulation and the radial tube series is best 
exist i , * e " enus Stoliczkaria, on account of the definite intervals, without pores, which 
^"between the 
si Kjj|, ® ai ing Syrinyuapnarw, wmen 
Tii.. U)lxa binds, where there is as much space occupied by pores as by eminences. 
It is well seen in the 
Pore be / ™ » ra uules containing the end of the radial series. 
sodio J ^d^ingospheerm, which have distinct eminences, and it is the least apparent in 
The 
as thisY, “'T 1 Ui Lne one ailcl tiie reticulate aj 
s °Qie s ! SCUpti ° n Proceeds, for they have the same definite relation within the fossil. 
than +i ^ ° cies ’ moreover, the radial tubes are readily distinguished, because they are smaller 
> se of the interradial series. 
V(ir gi d <> ° . f lative P os itions of the radial and interradial series of tubes, and the close and con- 
as °, C laia cter of the one and the reticulate appearance of the other, must be kept in mind 
In 
This 
t^hulatiojf erSlS ^ ence ^ ie raf b <a ^ sei 'ies of tubes, and the environing interradial and reticulate 
clos e • f 0r ’ Can Wc b seen in tangential sections of those types in which the structure is 
1° the s V nStanCe ’ * n ^foliczkaria granulate , especially if the thin slice is taken rather close 
one anothe^ 6 ^ 0c ^ r ‘ Then a number of star-shaped masses are seen, separated from 
and o.;,.; 161 ^ a denser structure. The centre of the star contains small tubes cut across, 
givm 
tioDs^of'bir Sma ^ branches to the outside and separating structures, which consist of sec- 
The small ? Gr ^ U ^ es ma de in different directions, such as oblique, transverse, and longitudinal, 
they bfi, . 1 3es the centre of the star are well separated from each other, except where 
tact. Qi e ° a c ’ but the surrounding tube reticulation is close, the tubes being nearly in con- 
°f it aia ai Ga bhte fills the spaces between the small tube ends of the star, and there is less 
evirlrcc- lfeS Ibe large tubes around. The opacity of the calcareous structure of the walls is 
and tl, ey 
the lumen of i l 
tube may be seen filled with calcite. (Plate III, Ei 
are usually brilliantly white or brown under reflected light. 
5.) 
Here and there 
