MILK PRODUCED IN SOUTHERN CHINA 
By C. O. Levine 
Of Canton Christian College 
ONE PLATE 
Through investigations begun in November, 1916, some inter- 
esting data have been secured in regard to the milking qualities 
of native and European cattle in southern China. 
Three classes of milk animals have been studied: European 
cattle, the native water buffalo (known in the Philippine Islands 
as carabao), and the native, humped cattle. The work has been 
done chiefly in the vicinities of Canton and Hongkong, the only 
regions in Kwangtung (which is the southernmost province in 
China) where dairying has as yet developed into an industry of 
any extent. 
European cows, or foreign cows as the Chinese call them, are 
the most popular for dairy purposes. In the dairies of Canton 
and Hongkong, which utilize approximately 1,600 cows, about 
1,200 are European. The European cows have been imported 
from Australia, America, and England, or are the offspring of 
such imported cows. In the various dairies may be found Short- 
horns, Holsteins, Ayrshires, Guernseys, Jerseys, and crosses 
among these breeds and with the native, humped cows. There 
are a few pure-bred cows. The Shorthorns, which are the com- 
monest, are chiefly of the white, hornless variety that have been 
imported from Australia. 
European cows are never allowed to graze because of the 
presence everywhere in the grass of the fever tick. They readily 
contract fever when exposed to it, and the disease usually proves 
fatal. However, European cattle born in southern China readily 
become immune to the fever, as they do in Texas where fever 
is common. In spite of the greater labor and risk experienced in 
keeping European cows, they are preferred to the native cows 
because of the larger amount of milk given and their efficiency, 
as compared with native cattle, in converting feed into milk. 
A good description of the water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis Lyd.) , 
1 Some of the data contained in this paper have been published in bulletin 
17, Canton Christian College, Canton, China. 
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