PHILIPPINE HATS. 
125 
imported as a finished product. Among those manufactured in Manila 
from imported straw were some of the so-called timsim hats / 0 which 
have a native counterpart in those made from moras, Andropogon ziza- 
nioides. They furnish a fairly attractive article, and may supply a part 
of the local trade. Paque hats are of straw-hat shape, but the 'covering 
is quilted cotton. In Manila, this cotton is imported, in Ilocos, native 
cotton is said to be used. 
SALACOTS. 
From an American or European point of view, these are quite distinct 
from hats, but they are by no means peculiar to the Philippines. Their 
use in these Islands and in Malaya in general, probably goes back many 
centuries before the introduction of the more ordinary type of hats. They 
might more nearly be likened to helmets, but are different from them 
also. They are of many grades of excellence and price, the two sometimes 
corresponding to one another. The species of plants used are more 
various than for hats, and there is probably no case where the entire salacot 
is made of a single material. The salacots are stiff, so that their shape 
is often typical of some locality. They are admirably adapted to the two 
primitive purposes of head coverings, shelter from sun and rain. How- 
ever, their use is becoming less general, and this tendency will probably 
be accelerated. They are still extensively worn throughout the Archipe- 
lago, least perhaps among the Moros and some of the wild tribes. It is 
quite without the purpose of this paper to treat them in detail, as so 
many matters of ethnologic interest enter into their discussion. The 
Ilocano name is callogong or less often cattocong. 
A highly developed type of salacot consists of four parts, an outer 
woven covering, a central and more continuous layer, a framework, and 
an inner woven portion to fit the head. In the simplest types, the first 
and last of these layers are almost wanting; indeed, some of the very 
finest salacots have been made of tortoise shell, and they too have no outer 
layer. The outer covering may be very elaborate or very plain, with all 
intergrades; nito is a preferred material for making it, but many 
others are used. The central layer, the real body of the salacot , is made 
from- large leaves or portions of them, of banana, hemp, buri, anajao, 
coconut, breadfruit, or other plants, or layers of wood, of bamboo, betel- 
nut, etc., cloth, or even tarred paper, as happens in one kind in common 
use near Manila. The framework is of more durable material, usually 
rattan or bamboo, with adornments of nito or other materials. This 
framework is more often circular in outline and t much too large for the 
head. To render the salacot possible to wear, a smaller part is usually 
woven in beneath, and most often of rattan, roughly resembling a skullcap. 
The difficulty is sometimes met 'by using string. The tips are frequently 
See page 105. 
