ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 
Moll . 15 
and on pigments of the liver of Helix pomatia, in his “ Vergleichend- 
physiologische Studien,” ii. pt. 2, pp. 63-69. 
B. Haller describes the “sugar gland” and other appendages of the 
intestinal tract in Chiton. Arb. z. Inst. Wien, iv. pp. 340-362, pis. ii. 
iii. & iv. 
4 . Respiration and Circulation . 
K. Mitsukuri’s paper “ On the Structure and significance of some 
aberrant forms of Lam ellibranchiate gills ” [see Zool. Rec. xviii. Moll. 
p. 12] are also published in Stud. Biol. Lab. Hopkins Univ. ii., No. 2, 
pp. 257-270, pi. xix. 
J. Carriere denies the existence of a distinct system of water-vessels 
in the Mollusca , excretory ducts of glands, &c., having been considered 
as such. Biol. Centralbl. i. p. 677-683 ; and Arch. mikr. Anat. xxi. 
pp. 387-467, with 3 pis. ; see also Arb. Inst. Wiirzb. v. pp. 84 & 85, and 
also the remarks of H. Griesbacii, Biol. Oentrabl. ii. pp. 305-309 & 
573-577. 
B. Landsberg states that neither in Neritina fluviatilis (L.) nor in 
Turbo rugosus (L.) is the heart perforated by the rectum, ns surmised by 
former authors, but the heart is small and intimately connected with the 
renal organ, the rectum passing between both ; only the pericardium is 
perforated by it in Turbo , but in Fissurella and Haliotis it goes really 
through the ventricle of the heart. Zool. Anz. 1882, pp. 661-662. 
5 . Excretion and Secretion. 
For Sedgwick’s & Heller’s notes on the renal organ of Chiton , 
see in the special part. 
P. Girod describes at length the inkbag of the Cephalopods, and 
comes to the conclusion that it is analogous to the anal gland of many 
Gastropods, and is less developed and more primitive in the Octopodid.ee 
than in the ten-armed Cephalopods. Arch. Z. exp^r. x. pp. 1-100, 
pis. i.-v. — Abstract in J. R. Micr. Soc. (2) ii. pp. 487-489. 
The byssal organ in Bivalves is the subject of an elaborate paper by 
J. Carriere. He states that it exists in a more or less developed state 
in most of them, being typically composed of a distinct gland, which 
opens into a semilunar gutter, and of the byssal cavity, which is longi- 
tudinally plaited ; between its plaits, the lamellae are formed, and consti- 
tute the threads of the byssus itself. This organ is well developed in 
the spinning Bivalves, such as the Mytilidce, Aviculidce , Tridacna , some 
species of Pecten and Aria; more or less rudimentary, but distinctly recog- 
nizable, in Cardita, Astarte, Venus, Cardium, Cyclas, Tellina, Gastrochcena, 
Area granosa, Pecten jacobceus, &c. ; it is very reduced in Spondylus and 
the Unionidoe , and completely wanted in Pisidium (adult stage). Anomia, 
Hinnites, aud Cyclas are byssiferous only in their youth. The author 
describes and figures this organ specially in 28 species of Bivalves of 
different families. Arb. Inst. Wiirzb. v. pp. 56—92 , pis. v. & vi. 
