ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Moll. 19 
11. Abnormities. 
R. P. Whitfield has observed that specimens of Limncea megasoma 
(Say) propagated in confinement apparently without copulation, and 
that following generations, reared in confinement, were sterile ; he has 
also proved, by dissection, that the hermaphroditical gland was wanting 
in the latter. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. i. No. 2, pp. 29-37, pi. v. 
Ten specimens of a Vitrina found in the Island St. Michael, Azores, 
proved by dissection to entirely waut the reproductive organs ; perhaps 
they may be hybrids. F. d’Arruda Furtado, Ann. N. H. (5) ix. 
pp. 397-399, with additional note by L. C. Miall, tom. cit. p. 399. 
Dextral specimens observed in 6 species, and albino and pale varieties 
in a large number of species of Clausilia by Bottger, Nachr. mal. Ges. 
1882, pp. 36-43. 
Albinos of Hyalina nitens (Mich.), Ri^mensciin eider & Bottger, 
Nachr. mal. Ges. 1882, pp. 124 & 125; of Ilelix sericea (Dr.), Merkel, 
/. c. p. 125; of Helix Jidelis (Gray), Wetherby, J. Cinciun. Soc. iv. 
Oct. 1881 ; of Realia, von Mollendorff, JB. mal. Ges. ix. p. 356 ; of 
OrtJialicus, Strebel, Mexik. Landschneck. v. pp. 9 & 10. 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
a. Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 
1. Paleearctic Region generally. 
General remarks on the relations of land-snails to the quality of the 
soil, and instances of mimetic coloration, by II. Jordan, Biol. Centralbl. 
ii. pp. 208-223 ; he points out that several species which are in southern 
countries not confined to any particular quality of soil, are, in more 
northern latitudes, found only on limestone soil, which absorbs more 
warmth than others, for instance, Helix strigella, rufescens, and even 
pomatia ; on the contrary, the few species which distinctly avoid lime- 
stone, as Helix ruderata, holoserica, and Balea perversa , are rather north- 
ern species, and prefer damp localities. 
Several “ circumboreal ” species of fresh-water shells discussed by 
R. Stearns, P. Cal. Ac. Nov. 20, 1882. 
Asiatic Coast of Bering's Strait. Observations on its terrestrial and 
fresh-water shells by the brothers A. & A. Krause, Nachr. mal. Ges. 
1882, pp. 43 & 44. 
W. Kobelt begins a new series of the continuation of Rossmassler’s 
“ Iconographie,” describing and figuring numerous species of Daudebar- 
dia , Ilyalina, and Helix, recently described by various authors from 
Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Those which have not 
been figured before, will be mentioned in the special part of this 
Record. 
2. Scandinavia. 
Arctic regions of Norway. 25 terrestrial and 10 fresh-water species (6 
